Handbook of Electrical Engineering

AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATION 87

Equate the bracketed terms in (4.5) and (4.6)

Gg

Vref

V 1

−Gg=Vref− 1. 0

Hence,

Vref=

(Gg− 1. 0 )V 1

Gg−V 1

(4.7)

Inserting the data givesVref= 1 .002897 pu

SubstituteVrefinto (4.6) to findGa,

Ga=

Gg−V 1

Gg(V 1 − 1. 0 )

( 4. 8 )

Inserting the data givesGa= 345 .205 pu, which is of the correct order for an AVR.

The solution to the example can be found by using equations (4.1), (4.2) and (4.8)Vrefcan be
found from (4.7).

4.1.3.2 Variation of Gawith Xs

If the above sequence is repeated for different values of synchronous reactance then appropriate
values of the AVR gainGacan be found, as shown in Table 4.1.

In practice the value ofGamay be higher than those given in Table 4.1, in which case a
regulation better than 0.5% would be obtained. In general the higher the value ofGathat is used, the

Table 4.1. AVR gain Ga as a function of the syn-

chronous reactanceXs

Synchronous reactance

Xs(pu)

Generator gain

Gg(pu)

AVR gain

Ga(pu)

1.5 0.442 250.0

1.6 0.424 268.9

1.7 0.408 287.8

1.8 0.393 306.9

1.9 0.378 326.0

2.0 0.365 345.2

2.1 0.353 364.4

2.2 0.341 383.7

2.3 0.330 403.1

2.4 0.320 422.5

2.5 0.310 442.0

2.6 0.301 461.5

2.7 0.292 481.0

2.8 0.284 500.5

2.9 0.276 520.1

3.0 0.269 539.7