550 Part IV • The Information Management System
FIGURE 13.11 Five Levels of Capability Maturity for Software Development (Adapted from Adler et al., 2005)
CMM* Focus and Description Key Process Areas Distribution of Levels Achieved
1987–1991
(132
organizations)1999–2003
(1.343
organizations)
Level 1:Initial Competent people and heroics:
The software process is ad hoc,
occasionally even chaotic. Few
processes are defined, and
success depends on individual
effort and heroics.80.0% 13.3%Level 2:Repeatable Program management
processes:Basic program
management processes are
established to track cost,
schedule, and functionality. The
necessary process discipline is
in place to repeat earlier
successes on programs with
similar applications.- software configuration
management - software quality assurance
- software subcontract
management - software project tracking
and oversight - software project planning
- requirements management
12.3% 43.5%Level 3:Defined Engineering processes and
organizational support:The
software process for both
management and engineering
activities is documented,
standardized, and integrated into
a standard software process for
the organization. All programs
use an approved, tailored version
of the organization’s standard
software process for developing
and maintaining software.- peer reviews
- intergroup coordination
- software product
engineering - integrated software
management - training program
- organization process
definition - organization process focus
6.9% 25.6%Level 4:Managed Product and process quality:
Detailed measures of the
software process and product
quality are collected. Both the
software process and products
are quantitatively understood
and controlled.- software quality
management - quantitative process
management
0.0% 8.5%Level 5:
OptimizingContinuous process
improvement:Improvement is
enabled by quantitative feedback
from the process and from
piloting innovative ideas and
technologies.- process change
management - technology change
management - defect prevention
0.8% 9.2%*In the revised Capability Maturity Model Integrated (CMMI) model, level 4 is “Quantitatively Managed.”