88 The Economist October 30th 2021
Science & technology
Privatespacestations
Placing perches in the sky
O
n october 21sta consortium led by
Lockheed Martin, one of America’s big
gest aerospace companies, announced
plans to build a permanently crewed com
mercial space station called Starlab, and
launch it into orbit around Earth by 2027.
Not to be outdone, on the 25th, Blue Origin,
a firm that is Jeff Bezos’s ticket into space,
unveiled plans for a yet more ambitious ef
fort. Orbital Reef, pictured above as an art
ist’s impression, is a joint venture with
(among others) Lockheed’s competitor
Boeing. It will host up to ten people and
will serve, as Blue Origin put it, as a
“mixeduse business park”. The hope is
that this orbiting industrial estate will
open by the end of the decade.
Privateenterprise missions to orbit are
not new. Mr Bezos’s rival Elon Musk, for ex
ample, has been offering them, via his
rocketry firm SpaceX, for several years. But
these two projects, if they succeed, will be
on a far grander scale. Eyecatching though
they are, however, they are not alone. Sev
eral other firms, egged on in some cases by
nasa, that country’s space agency, have
similar ideas. The firms’ owners hope to
make money. nasahopes to save America’s
amour propre. And, acting together, these
motives seem likely, some time this de
cade, to result in the first real settlement of
outer space by private enterprise.
The men in the high castles
The underlying reason for all this activity
is the imminent death of the International
Space Station (iss). This intergovernmen
tal but Americandominated effort, the
first elements of which were launched in
1998, was designed to last about 15 years, so
is already past its sellby date. Cracks and
air leaks have multiplied. And, on Septem
ber 9th, the smell of smouldering plastic
wafted through it, though no open flames
broke out.
nasabelieves that, with upgrades, the
isscan limp on until 2028, or perhaps a bit
longer. But either way, it will not be long
until thrusters on the most expensive ob
ject ever made push the whole caboodle to
fiery doom over the Pacific Ocean. No other
intergovernmental habitat will supersede
it. But nasais encouraging commercial re
placements instead.
The agency’s plan is to pay the firms be
hind these replacements for services ren
dered, such as hosting astronauts or con
ducting research in the microgravity that
the perpetual freefall of orbit offers. That,
says Phil McAlister, a senior spaceflight
official at the agency, may save nasaas
much as $1.5bn a year. But Mr McAlister al
so claims that commercial opportunities
in orbit are now so abundant that industry
should be able to support much of the cost
of private space stations, even without
government contracts.
nasacalls its side of this enterprise the
Commercial LowEarthOrbit Destinations
(cld) project. Last year it awarded $140m to
Axiom Space, a firm in Houston that is al
ready manufacturing such a station. It will
soon hand out a further $400m to two,
three or possibly four of a dozen other
firms which hope to enter the market. Offi
cials at the agency are privately thrilled
with the unexpectedly high number of bids
they have received for a share of this mon
ey. But they are not commenting publicly
about the competition until the winners
are announced later this year.
Of Axiom’s project, the first module
will, if all goes to plan, be launched in Sep
tember 2024 and will dock at one of the
iss’s two ports. It will be joined, six and 12
Private space stations are being built for a variety of commercial uses
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