The Economist October 30th 2021 51
United States
Entrenchedpartisanship
The Democrats’ disadvantage
F
or weeks, Democrats in Congress have
been trying to pull off a delicate legisla
tive twostep with President Joe Biden’s
agenda. House progressives refuse to vote
for an infrastructure bill, which passed the
Senate with bipartisan support, until the
Senate passes a socialspending bill. That
measure has to be slender enough—nego
tiations have whittled it down to around
half of its initial $3.5trn size—to satisfy
moderate Democrats, but not so meagre
that it loses progressives’ support. And Mr
Biden would love it done before he arrives
at the cop26 climate conference in Glas
gow on November 1st. His legacy hangs in
the balance, and the tactics surrounding
this legislative pas de deuxare intensifying
an argument over the party’s direction.
Democrats won unified control of the
federal government in 2020, defeating an
incumbent president for the first time
since Bill Clinton beat George H.W. Bush in
1992. Joe Biden ran on an agenda that was
farther left than either Hillary Clinton’s or
Barack Obama’s. Now the debate over that
agenda is highlighting a rift in party strat
egy. Conservative Democrats such as Joe
Manchin, a senator from West Virginia,
contend the party must not throw fiscal
caution to the winds. But progressives
such as Bernie Sanders, a senator from Ver
mont, argue that the party must be bold,
proving it can honour its promises.
Even if the rival factions compromise
and pass Mr Biden’s legislation, Democrats
will still probably lose their congressional
majority next year. Midterm elections
since 1934 have typically produced a back
lash against parties occupying the White
House; they have lost an average of 28 seats
in the House and four in the Senate in
those contests. The Democrats’ current ad
vantage will vanish if they lose four seats
in the House and one in the Senate.
Longerterm trends also paint a dire
picture for the Democrats, especially in the
Senate. For half a century they have been
losing support among rural voters and
gaining in the cities. This has packed their
voters into metropolises in coastal strong
holds, such as California and New York, as
well as smaller cities in states where Re
publicans outnumber them, such as Flori
da, North Carolina and Texas. Lesspopu
lated conservative states like Idaho and
Wyoming remain reliably Republican. Be
cause each state has the same number of
senators, the chamber gives Republican
voters a disproportionate number of seats.
According to calculations by Daily Kos,
a liberal website, Republicans have not
won the cumulative popular vote for the
Senate since the three election cycles lead
ing up to 1998 (the chamber is divided into
thirds, with onethird elected every two
years). Yet they have won the majority of its
seats in seven of those 12 cycles.
How can Democrats combat these
trends? One group of strategists sees the
answer in population growth among some
of America’s most leftleaning voters—
young people and Hispanics. But that theo
ry fell apart in the last election, when non
collegeeducated Hispanics swung hard
towards Mr Trump and turnout among
young voters, though up, remained below
the overall average.
Many Democrats have instead come
round to the views of David Shor, a data an
WASHINGTON, DC
The party faces long-term hurdles that will be hard to overcome
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