Mathematics for Computer Science

7.1. Infinite Cardinality 213

Nowbis a function from real numbers to infinite bit strings.^1 It is not a total
function, but it clearly is a surjection. This shows that

Rsurjf0;1g!;

and the uncountability of the reals now follows by Corollary 7.1.14.(a).
For another example, let’s prove

Corollary 7.1.16.The set.ZC/of all finite sequences of positive integers is count-
able.

To prove this, think about the prime factorization of a nonnegative integer:

20 D 22 
 30 
 51 
 70 
 110 
 130 


;

6615 D 20 
 33 
 51 
 72 
 110 
 130 


:

Let’s map any nonnegative integernto the finite sequencee.n/of nonzero expo-
nents in its prime factorization. For example,

e.20/D.2;1/;

e.6615/D.3;1;2/;

e.5^13 
 119 
 47817 
 10344 /D.13;9;817;44/;

e.1/D; (the empty string)

e.0/is undefined:

Noweis a function fromNto.ZC/. It is defined on all positive integers, and it
clearly is a surjection. This shows that

Nsurj.ZC/;

and the countability of the finite strings of positive integers now follows by Corol-
lary 7.1.14.(b).

(^1) Some rational numbers can be expanded in two ways—as an infinite sequence ending in all 0’s
or as an infinite sequence ending in all 9’s. For example,
5 D5:000


D4:999:::;
1
10
D0:1000


D0:0999::::
In such cases, defineb.r/to be the sequence that ends with all 0’s.