Schleiermacher led the way, in 1807, with his attack on 1 Timothy, urging very keenly
historical, philological, and other objections, but assuming 2 Timothy and Titus to be the genuine
originals from which the first was compiled. DeWette followed in his Introduction. Baur left both
behind and rejected all, in his epoch-making treatise, Die sogenannten Pastoralbriefe, 1835. He
was followed by Schwegler (1846), Hilgenfeld (1875), Mangold, Schenkel, Hausrath, Pfleiderer
(both in his Paulinismus and in his Commentary in the Protestanten-Bibel, 1874), Holtzmann; also
by Ewald, Renan (L’Église chrétienne, pp. 85 sqq.), and Sam. Davidson (Introd., revised ed., II.
21 sqq.). The most elaborate book against the genuineness is Holtzmann’s Die Pastoralbriefe
kritisch und exeg. behandelt, Leipzig, 1880 (504 pp.); comp. his Einleitung (1886).
Reuss (Les épitres Pauliniennes, 1878, II. 243 sq., 307 sq., and Gesch. des N. T, 1887, p.
257 sqq.) rejects 1 Timothy and Titus, but admits 2 Timothy, assigning it to the first Roman captivity.
He thinks that 2 Timothy would never have been doubted except for its suspicious companionship.
Some of the opponents, as Pfleiderer and Renan, feel forced to admit some scraps of genuine Pauline
Epistles or notes, and thus they break the force of the opposition. The three Epistles must stand or
fall together, either as wholly Pauline, or as wholly pseudo-Pauline.
The genuineness has been ably vindicated by Guericke, Thiersch, Huther, Wiesinger, Otto,
Wieseler, Van Oosterzee, Lange, Herzog, von Hofmann, Beck, Alford, Gloag, Fairbairn (Past. Ep.,
1874), Farrar (St. Paul, II. 607 sqq.), Wace (in the Speaker’s Com. New Test., III., 1881, 749 sqq.),
Plumptre (in Schaff’s Com. on the New Test., III., 1882, pp. 550 sqq.), Kölling (Der erste Br. a.
Tim. 1882), Salmon (1885), and Weiss (1886).§ 100. The Epistle To The Hebrews.
I. Commentaries on Hebrews by Chrysostom (d. 407, ἑρμηνεία, in 34 Homilies publ. after his death
by an Antioch. presbyter, Constantinus); Theodoret (d. 457); Oecumenius (10th cent.);
Theophylact (11th cent.); Thomas Aquinas (d. 1274); Erasmus (d. 1536, Annotationes in N. T.,
with his Greek Test., 1516 and often, and Paraphrasis in N. T., 1522 and often); Card. Cajetanus
(Epistolae Pauli, etc., 1531); Calvin (d. 1564, Com. in omnes P. Ep. atque etiam in Ep. ad
Hebraeos, 1539 and often, also Halle, 1831); Beza (d. 1605, transl. and notes, 1557 and often;
had much influence on King Jame’s Version); Hyperius (at Marburg, d. 1564); Dav. Pareus (d.
1615, Com. in Ep. ad Hebr.);Corn. A Lapide (Jesuit, d. 1637, Com. in omnes Pauli Epp., 1627
and often); Guil. Estius (R. C. Prof. at Douai, 1614, etc.); Jac. Cappellus (Sedan, 1624); Lud.
Cappellus (Geneva, 1632); Grotius (d. 1645, Arminian, a great classical and general scholar);
Joh. Gerhard (d. 1637); John Owen (the great Puritan divine, d. 1683, Exercitations on the
Epistle to the Hebrews, London, 1668–80, in 4 vols. fol., Lat. transl., Amsterd., 1700 [new Engl.
ed. in 7 vols., in his Works, Lond., 1826, 21 vols.; Edinb. ed. of Works by W. H. Goold, 1850–55;
24 vols., Philad. reprint, 1869], "a work of gigantic strength as well as gigantic size," as Chalmers
called it, and containing a whole system of Puritan theology); Jac. Pierce (Non-conformist, d.
1726); Sykes (d. 1756); Carpzov (d. 1803, Exercitat., etc., 1750); J. D. Michaelis (2d ed.,
1780–86, 2 vols.); Rosenmüller (1793); Storr (d. 1805; Tüb., 1789); Böhme (Lips., 1825); Mos.
Stuart (Andover, 1827, 2 vols., 4th ed., abridged and revised by Robbins, 1860); Kühnöl (1831);
Friedrich Bleek (Prof. in Bonn., d. 1859; the large Com. in 3 vols., Berlin, 1836–40, an exegetical
masterpiece, most learned, critical, candid, judicious, and reverential, though free; his LecturesA.D. 1-100.