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Fig. 12.21 Root-end closure (apexification). (a) Immature, permanent central incisor
devitalized by trauma. (b) The same tooth 18 months later. Canal debridement and
calcium hydroxide therapy has allowed the development of an apical calcific barrier.
The canal has been densely obturated with thermoplastic gutta percha and sealer.
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Fig. 12.22 (a) Following irrigation and gentle debridement in a crown-to-apex
direction, the working length is determined. (b) Non-setting calcium hydroxide paste
is syringed into the canal via a flexible tip. (c) The same tooth 18 months later. A
calcific barrier is apparent, and the tooth is ready for definitive obturation and
restoration. (d) The flexible tip system (Ultracal).