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An Introduction to Environmental Chemistry

(Rick Simeone) #1

  • 2.4 Using chemical equations

  • 2.5 Describing amounts of substances: the mole

  • 2.6 Concentration and activity

  • 2.7 Organic molecules – structure and chemistry

    • 2.7.1 Functional groups

    • 2.7.2 Representing organic matter in simple equations



  • 2.8 Radioactivity of elements

  • 2.9 Finding more chemical tools in this book

  • 2.10 Further reading

  • 2.11 Internet search keywords

    • 3 The atmosphere

    • 3.1 Introduction

    • 3.2 Composition of the atmosphere

    • 3.3 Steady state or equilibrium?

    • 3.4 Natural sources

      • 3.4.1 Geochemical sources

      • 3.4.2 Biological sources



    • 3.5 Reactivity of trace substances in the atmosphere

    • 3.6 The urban atmosphere

      • 3.6.1 London smog – primary pollution

      • 3.6.2 Los Angeles smog – secondary pollution

      • 3.6.3 21st-century particulate pollution



    • 3.7 Air pollution and health

    • 3.8 Effects of air pollution

    • 3.9 Removal processes



  • 3.10 Chemistry of the stratosphere

    • 3.10.1 Stratospheric ozone formation and destruction

    • 3.10.2 Ozone destruction by halogenated species

    • 3.10.3 Saving the ozone layer



  • 3.11 Further reading

  • 3.12 Internet search keywords

    • 4 The chemistry of continental solids

    • 4.1 The terrestrial environment, crust and material cycling

    • 4.2 The structure of silicate minerals

      • 4.2.1 Coordination of ions and the radius ratio rule

      • 4.2.2 The construction of silicate minerals

      • 4.2.3 Structural organization in silicate minerals



    • 4.3 Weathering processes

    • 4.4 Mechanisms of chemical weathering

      • 4.4.1 Dissolution

      • 4.4.2 Oxidation

      • 4.4.3 Acid hydrolysis

      • 4.4.4 Weathering of complex silicate minerals



    • 4.5 Clay minerals

      • 4.5.1 One to one clay mineral structure

      • 4.5.2 Two to one clay mineral structure



    • 4.6 Formation of soils

      • 4.6.1 Parent (bedrock) material (p)

      • 4.6.2 Climate (cl)

      • 4.6.3 Relief (r)

      • 4.6.4 Vegetation (v)

      • 4.6.5 Influence of organisms (o)



    • 4.7 Wider controls on soil and clay mineral formation

    • 4.8 Ion exchange and soil pH

    • 4.9 Soil structure and classification

      • 4.9.1 Soils with argillic horizons

      • 4.9.2 Spodosols (podzols)

      • 4.9.3 Soils with gley horizons





  • 4.10 Contaminated land

    • 4.10.1 Organic contaminants in soils

    • 4.10.2 Degradation of organic contaminants in soils

    • 4.10.3 Remediation of contaminated land

    • 4.10.4 Phytoremediation



  • 4.11 Further reading

  • 4.12 Internet search keywords

    • 5 The chemistry of continental waters

    • 5.1 Introduction

    • 5.2 Element chemistry

    • 5.3 Water chemistry and weathering regimes

      • 5.3.1 Alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon and pH buffering



    • 5.4 Aluminium solubility and acidity

      • 5.4.1 Acidification from atmospheric inputs

      • 5.4.2 Acid mine drainage

      • 5.4.3 Recognizing acidification from sulphate data – ternary diagrams



    • 5.5 Biological processes

      • 5.5.1 Nutrients and eutrophication



    • 5.6 Heavy metal contamination

      • 5.6.1 Mercury contamination from gold mining



    • 5.7 Contamination of groundwater

      • 5.7.1 Anthropogenic contamination of groundwater

      • 5.7.2 Natural arsenic contamination of groundwater



    • 5.8 Further reading

    • 5.9 Internet search keywords

      • 6 The oceans



    • 6.1 Introduction

    • 6.2 Estuarine processes

      • 6.2.1 Aggregation of colloidal material in estuaries

      • 6.2.2 Mixing processes in estuaries

      • 6.2.3 Halmyrolysis and ion exchange in estuaries

      • 6.2.4 Microbiological activity in estuaries



    • 6.3 Major ion chemistry of seawater

    • 6.4 Chemical cycling of major ions

      • 6.4.1 Sea-to-air fluxes

      • 6.4.2 Evaporites

      • 6.4.3 Cation exchange

      • 6.4.4 Calcium carbonate formation

      • 6.4.5 Opaline silica

      • 6.4.6 Sulphides

      • 6.4.7 Hydrothermal processes

      • 6.4.8 The potassium problem: balancing the seawater major ion budget



    • 6.5 Minor chemical components in seawater

      • 6.5.1 Dissolved gases

      • 6.5.2 Dissolved ions

      • 6.5.3 Conservative behaviour

      • 6.5.4 Nutrient-like behaviour

      • 6.5.5 Scavenged behaviour



    • 6.6 The role of iron as a nutrient in the oceans

    • 6.7 Ocean circulation and its effects on trace element distribution

    • 6.8 Anthropogenic effects on ocean chemistry

      • 6.8.1 Human effects on regional seas 1: the Baltic

      • 6.8.2 Human effects on regional seas 2: the Gulf of Mexico

      • 6.8.3 Human effects on total ocean minor element budgets?



    • 6.9 Further reading



  • 6.10 Internet search keywords

    • 7 Global change

    • 7.1 Why study global-scale environmental chemistry?

    • 7.2 The carbon cycle

      • 7.2.1 The atmospheric record

      • 7.2.2 Natural and anthropogenic sources and sinks

      • 7.2.3 The global budget of natural and anthropogenic carbon dioxide

        • and other properties 7.2.4 The effects of elevated carbon dioxide levels on global temperature





    • 7.3 The sulphur cycle

      • 7.3.1 The global sulphur cycle and anthropogenic effects

      • 7.3.2 The sulphur cycle and atmospheric acidity

      • 7.3.3 The sulphur cycle and climate



    • 7.4 Persistent organic pollutants

      • 7.4.1 Persistent organic pollutant mobility in the atmosphere

      • 7.4.2 Global persistent organic pollutant equilibrium



    • 7.5 Further reading

    • 7.6 Internet search keywords

      • Index





  • 1.1 Elements, atoms and isotopes Boxes

  • 3.1 Partial pressure

  • 3.2 Chemical equilibrium

  • 3.3 Acids and bases

  • 3.4 Gas solubility

  • 3.5 The pH scale

  • 3.6 Reactions in photochemical smog

  • 3.7 Acidification of rain droplets

  • 3.8 Removal of sulphur dioxide from an air parcel

  • 4.1 Properties of water and hydrogen bonds

  • 4.2 Electronegativity

  • 4.3 Oxidation and reduction (redox)

  • 4.4 Metastability, reaction kinetics, activation energy and catalysts

  • 4.5 Dissociation

  • 4.6 Isomorphous substitution

  • 4.7 Van der Waals’ forces

  • 4.8 Chemical energy

  • 4.9 Mineral reaction kinetics and solution saturation

  • 4.10 Biopolymers

  • 4.11 Base cations

  • 4.12 Solubility product, mineral solubility and saturation index

  • 4.13 Radon gas: a natural environmental hazard

    • contaminants 4.14 Physical and chemical properties that dictate the fate of organic



  • 4.15 Use of clay catalysts in clean up of environmental contamination

    • organic contaminants 4.16 Mechanisms of microbial degradation and transformation of



  • 5.1 Ionic strength

  • 5.2 Measuring alkalinity

  • 5.3 Worked examples of pH buffering

  • 5.4 Eh-pH diagrams

  • 5.5 Essential and non-essential elements

  • 6.1 Salinity

    • timescales 6.2 Salinity and major ion chemistry of seawater on geological



  • 6.3 Residence times of major ions in seawater

  • 6.4 Ion interactions, ion pairing, ligands and chelation

  • 6.5 Abiological precipitation of calcium carbonate

  • 6.6 Oceanic primary productivity

  • 7.1 Simple box model for ocean carbon dioxide uptake

  • 7.2 The delta notation for expressing stable isotope ratio values

  • 7.3 Chiral compounds

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