disperses and dilutes it. Phytovolatilization has also been applied to land
contaminated with mercury (see Section 5.6.1).
4.11 Further reading
Alexander, M. (1999) Biodegradation and Bioremediation, 2nd edn. Academic Press, San
Diego.
Baird, C.B. (1995) Environmental Chemistry. WH Freeman, New York.
Berner, K.B. & Berner, R.A. (1987) The Global Water Cycle.Prentice Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, New Jersey.
Birkeland, P.W. (1999) Soils and Geomorphology, 3rd edn.Oxford University Press, New
Yo r k.
Brady, N.C. & Weil, R.R. (2002) The Nature and Properties of Soils, 13th edn. Prentice Hall,
New Jersey.
The Chemistry of Continental Solids 139
Uptake
Uptake
Volatilization
Exudates
Stimulation of microbes causing
in situ biodegradation
Enzymes (B)
(D)
(A) Accumulation
(C)
Transformation
Fig. 4.36Mechanisms of phytoremediation: (A) phytoaccumulation; (B) phytodegradation:
(C) rhizo-enhanced degradation; (D) phytovolatilization.
