Index 293pectin 101
Periodic Table 15, 16 , 17
peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) 54
peroxybenzoyl nitrate 55
Persian Gulf, abiological precipitation202–3
persistent organic pollutants (POPs) 12, 274 –9
global distillation of 274–5, 276
global equilibrium 278–9
hydrophobic and lipophilic, effects of ingestion by
animals 277–8
mobility in the atmosphere 274–8
see alsoorganic contaminants
pesticides
in the environment 10, 10
see alsoDDT
petroleum contamination of groundwater 177–8
Bowling Green, Kentucky, built on limestone 177, 178
pH
and dissociation 79, 82–3
ion exchange and soil pH 111–12
of natural waters 152, 153
pH buffering154 –5, 153, 196
pH scale 49
phenanthrene 137, 138
phenol, dissociation of 81
phillipsite 214
phosphorus (P) 163, 165–6, 226 , 227
dissolved, Baltic Sea 233
in groundwater 169
ionizes or dissociates depending on pH 144–5
see alsodissolved organic phosphorus (DIP)
photochemical smog 48
in Los Angeles 49–51, 52
reactions in 50, 51 , 54
photodissociation reactions, and O 3 destruction 62
photolysis, and destruction of ozone 60–1
photosynthesis 9, 41, 161, 229, 242–3
phytoplankton
biological cycling of 219, 221
limits on rate of growth220–1
populations limited in estuaries 187
phytoremediation 137–9
phytoaccumulation and phytodegradation 138, 139
phytovolatization 138–9, 139
rhizo-enhanced degradation 138, 139
pillaring agents 126
planets, probable method of formation 2
plankton growth, iron fertilization experiment 229, 229 ,
247, 249
plant growth
DIP, main limiting nutrient in freshwaters 165–6
and enhanced CO 2 concentration 245, 255
FACE studies 245
necessities for 163
plants, damaged by ozone 56
polarity, of molecules 26, 69 , 121
pollutant transport, increased awareness of 53
pollutants 119
primary 45, 46–8
secondary 45, 48–51, 52
see alsoorganic contaminants
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 10, 10 , 274, 276
usage banned, still in the environment 278
re-emission 278, 278
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 24 , 25
biodegradation using bioreactors 135, 136 , 137, 138
carcinogenic 55
as ‘priority pollutants’ in USA 135
produced during combustion 46
polymerization 128
and formation of silicate minerals 73–6
polysaccharides 27
POPs seepersistent organic pollutants (POPs)
potassium (K) 145, 145 , 214–15
behaviour in the hydrothermal system 214
potassium (^40 K), decay of 27–8
potassium salts, precipitation of 195
primary production 162
Baltic Sea, increase in 233
in estuaries 187
oceanic220–1
seasonal cycles 221
spring blooms220–1
protons 3 , 15
public health improvements, and pollution 188
pyrite (FeS 2 ) 207
may contain arsenic 159
weathering of 77
see alsoacid mine drainage
pyrolysis 46
quartz 68, 94, 96
racemic mixtures 278, 280–1
radiation balance, and CO 2 257–8
radiative forcing, by anthropogenic aerosols 271–2
spatial distribution patchy 271–2, 272
‘Radiative Forcing of Climate Change’, report from the
IPCC 271–2
radioactive decay 3 , 27
modes of 27–8
releases gases to the atmosphere 40
of uranium isotopes 119, 120
radioactive isotopes 3
radionuclides 27
anthropogenic 28–9
accidental releases 28–9
from nuclear weapons testing 28
as tracers 28
radius ratio rule 71–3, 89–91
in isomorphous substitution 91
radon (Rn), formed by radioactive decay 28, 119, 120
rain droplets, acidification of 57, 58
rainwater
naturally acidic 58 , 156
presence of sea-salts in 146
reaction kinetics 80
recalcitrance 125
Redfield Ratio 219
redox conditions, important in contaminated
groundwater 176–7
redox potential (Eh) 78 , 164 –5