External speech is spoken or written speech, and is expressed in words and
sentences. Inner speech is speech for oneself. It takes place inside one’s own
mind and often takes place in “pure word meanings” rather than in words
or sentences, according to Vygotsky.innovation n
an idea, practice, or object that is perceived as new by an individual or indi-
viduals and that is a) the result of deliberate planning, b) seeks to improve
the achievement of goals. For example recent innovations in language
teaching include the use of whiteboards and the introduction of e-learning.
inputn
(in language learning) language which a learner hears or receives and from
which he or she can learn. The language a learner produces is by analogy
sometimes called output.
see also comprehensible input, intake
input enhancementn
see enhanced input
input hypothesisn
the idea that exposure to comprehensible input which contains structures
that are slightly in advance of a learner’s current level of competenceis the
necessary and sufficient cause of second language acquisition.
see also comprehensible input, intake, monitor hypothesis
inquiry learningn
see discovery learning
insertion sequencen
in conversation, speakers may interrupt themselves and insert an utterance
which is not related to the main conversation. This utterance is often
referred to as an insertion sequence. There may be numerous reasons for the
sequence. Often it may be caused by an external event, e.g. a ring/knock at
the door, a ringing telephone:
A:... and I actually told her that.. .(doorbell rings)
Excuse me, that must be Al. He’s probably forgotten his key.
A:(returns) Now, what was I saying before? Ah, yes. She said...
In many cases, the original conversation is continued after the insertion
sequence. Sometimes it is referred to briefly with utterances such as:
Sorry for the interruption. Now where were we? what was I saying? etc.
see also sequencing^1 , side sequence
innovation