personal functionn
see developmental functions of language
personalityn
those aspects of an individual’s behaviour, attitudes, beliefs, thought,
actions and feelings which are seen as typical and distinctive of that
person and recognized as such by that person and others. Personality
factors such as self-esteem, inhibition, anxiety, risk-taking and extrover-
sion (see extrovert), are thought to influence second language learning
because they can contribute to motivationand the choice of learner
strategies.
personalization n
in language teaching, an activity which allows students to apply something
they have learned to their own lives and to express their own ideas, feelings,
preferences and opinions. For example, after reading a passage about the
sport of boxing, students may work in pairs to share their ideas and feelings
about boxing as a sport.
personal pronounsn
the set of pronouns which represent the grammatical category of person,
and which in English is made up of I, you, he, she, it, we, they, and their
derived forms (e.g. me, mine, yours, him, his, hers, etc.).
personal recount
see text types
PF componentn
also phonetic component
see d-structure
pharyngeal n
a speech sound (a consonant) involving the root of the tongue and the
back of the throat (the pharynx). Several such speech sounds occur in
Arabic.
pharyngealization n
a secondary articulation in which the root of the tongue is drawn back so
that the pharynx is narrowed, as in some so-called “emphatic” consonants
in Arabic.
pharyngealization