progressivismn
see reconstructionism
progress questionnairen
in teaching, a learner questionnaire in which students reflect on their own
progress over a given period of study.
progress testn
an achievement testlinked to a particular set of teaching materials or a
particular course of instruction. Tests prepared by a teacher and given at
the end of a chapter, course, or term are progress tests. Progress tests may
be regarded as similar to achievement tests but narrower and much more
specific in scope. They help the teacher to judge the degree of success of his
or her teaching and to identify the weakness of the learners.
projection (principle)n
in some models of Generative Grammar, e.g. Chomsky’s universal gram-
mar, a lexical item in the lexicon (see lexicon^3 ) of a grammar, e.g. a verb,
has specific information about syntactic categories (complements) which it
‘projects’ onto the structure of the sentence. For example, the English verb
give has two complement noun phrases:
give [-NP 1 , NP 2 ]
which it can project, e.g.:
She gave the accountant the file.
The influence of the properties of lexical entries only goes up to a certain
structure in the sentence, e.g. a verb would have influence on the whole verb
phrase (VP) but not beyond it. This is often called maximal projection.
Points of maximal projection are often shown by cc (two bars) (see bar
notation), e.g. Vcc(VP), Ncc(NP), Pcc(PP =prepositional phrase).
The domain of an element in a sentence is considered to be the area within
its particular maximal projection. For example, in the sentence:
Bill took her to an expensive restaurant.
the domain of the verb take (took) would be the whole verb phrase (Vcc),
including her to an expensive restaurant, the domain of the preposition to
would be the whole prepositional phrase (Pcc), including an expensive
restaurant.
The concepts of maximal projection and domain are important when
discussing government.
project workn
(in teaching) an activity which centres around the completion of a task, and
which usually requires an extended amount of independent work either by
project work