containing cause pessimismfaster than sentences containing cause optimism.
It is an open question if non-native speakers become sensitive to such
statistical shades of meaning, and whether they can learn them using
simple processes of statistical learning.semi-consonant n
see consonant
semi-direct test n
a test that elicits test takers’ spoken language ability by asking them to
respond orally on tape to a set of tape-recorded or text-based cues or
stimuli, not to a set of questions delivered in real time by an interviewer
present at the time of testing. A ratable sample of their oral performance
is tape-recorded and later rated. An example of a semi-direct test is a tape-
mediated simulated oral proficiency interview.
see also direct test, indirect test
semilingual adj semilingualism n
a term sometimes used for people who have acquired several languages at
different periods of their lives, but who have not developed a native-speaker
level of proficiency in any of them. This issue is regarded as controversial by
many linguists.
semiotics n semiotic adj
1 the theory of signs.
2 the analysis of systems using signs or signals for the purpose of com-
munication(semiotic systems). The most important semiotic system is
human language, but there are other systems, e.g. Morse code, sign
language, traffic signals.
semiotic systems n
see semiotics
semi-vowel n
a speech sound (a consonant) which is produced by allowing the
airstream from the lungs to move through the mouth and/or nose with only
very slight friction. For example, in English the /j/ in /jes/ yesis a semi-vowel.
In terms of their articulation, semi-vowels are very like vowels, but they
function as consonants in the sound system of a language.
see also consonant
sender n
see communication
sender