in matching the two systems of communication. Acquisition of spoken
language is said to be limited by this approach.Total Physical Response n
also TPR
a language teaching methoddeveloped by Asher in the early 1970s in
which items are presented in the foreign language as orders, commands,
and instructions requiring a physical response from the learner (e.g.
opening a window or standing up). TPR gives greater emphasis to compre-
hension than many other teaching methods. Both this and the emphasis on
teaching language through physical activity are to lead to more effective
learning.
trace n
according to trace theory, when an element is moved in the course of a
derivation, it leaves behind a trace in its original position. For example,
in (i) since “who” has been moved from subject position in a lower clause,
a trace is left behind in that position:
(i) who did you say [tileft]
A trace can be treated as an empty category.
See also resumptive pronoun, movement
trace theory n
see trace
traditional grammar n
a grammar which is usually based on earlier grammars of Latin or Greek
and applied to some other language, often inappropriately. For example,
some traditional grammars of English stated that English had six cases^1
because Latin had six cases. Traditional grammars were often notional and
prescriptive in their approach (see notional grammar, prescriptive
grammar).
trainer development n
the formal as well as informal processes which contribute to the professional
development of teacher educators. The content of professional develop-
ment for language teacher educators may include advanced qualifications
in applied linguistics, mentor training, management and counselling, teacher
evaluation, as well as courses on the design, implementation and evaluation
of training programmes and teacher education courses.
training n
see education
Total Physical Response