Index 411mass-volume percentage, 123
measuring liquids, 73
percentage, 123
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS),
1 0, 48–49
measuring
analog, 70
balance, 73
burettes, 78–80
calorimeters, 269–270
Celsius, 253, 277
chemicals, contamination, 71–72
colorimeter, 142
digital, 70
end point, 78
equivalence point, 78
kelvins, 253, 277
liquids by mass, 73
liquids by volume, 74–82
methods, accuracy, 31
moles, 123
partial drops, 79
pipettes, 24, 75–78
resolution, 69–71
SI standard units, 247
significant figures, 69–71
solutions, 122–125
solutions, colligative properties,
148
spectrophotometer, 142
titration, burettes, 78–80
titration, pipettes, 80–82
volumetric flasks, 74–76
volumetric glassware, 22–26
mechanical balances, 32
meniscus, convex, 74
metals
copper ore to copper metal,
reduction, 183–185
ions, borax bead test, 336–338
ions, flame test, 332–335
reactivity series, 172
specific heat, 276–279
meters, pH, 35
methanol, safety, 375
methyl salicylate from aspirin,
3 74–379
microburners, gas, 32–33
microchemistry, 26
microscale glassware, 26–27
mineral acids, disposal, 57
miscibility, 124
mixtures, separating
chromatography, 108–115
differential solubility, 94–96
hydrate, formula of, 116–119
purifying copper sulfate, 101–104
purifying ethanol, 97–100
solvent extraction, 105–107
mobile phase, 108
Mohr pipettes, 24, 75–78, 80–82
molal solution, solid chemical,
1 33–135
molality, 122
molar mass
boiling point elevation, 149–152
freezing point depression,
153–155
vapor density, 264–267
molar proportions, 176
molar solution
liquid chemical, 136–139
solid chemical, 126–132
molarity, 122
mole ratios, 176
moles, 123
mortar and pestle, 21
MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet),
1 0, 48–49
Multiple Proportions, Law of, 176n
names, chemicals, 46–47
napalm, 326–329
National Fire Protection Association
(NFPA) 704 fire diamond, 49–50
negative azeotrope, 97
negative catalysts, 223
neutralized solutions, pH, 198–199
newsletter, xiii
NF (National Formulary) grade
chemicals, 47
NFPA (National Fire Protection
Association) 704 fire diamond,
49–50
nickel, electrodes, 36
ninhydrin, latent fingerprints,
395–398
nitrate, qualitative analysis, 339–342nitric acid
reagent, 390
safety, 340, 345, 350
nonpolar solvents, 109
nonstoichiometric reactions, 163
normality, 122–123
notebook, laboratory, 5–7
nucleation, 101O
Ohm’s Law, 304
open flames, 33, 149
organic analysis, qualitative, 331
osmotic pressure, 147, 156–158
oxalate, photochemistry, 310–315
oxidation reactions
combustion reactions, 161
electrode potentials, 294–297
iron, electrochemical, 291–293
manganese, oxidation states,
186–188
reducing copper ore to copper
metal, 183–185
oxygen, electrolysis of water,
28 7–290P
paper
chromatography, 36, 108–109
filter, 36, 83–84, 108
indicator, 34–35
parallel batteries, 304–306
partial drops, 79
partial-immersion thermometers, 35
partitioning, 105–107
Pasteur pipettes, 24
pH. See also acids; bases
activity versus concentration, 192
aqueous salt solutions, 198–199
buffer solutions, 200–203
concentration, effect on,
19 3–197
measuring equipment, 34–35
neutralized solutions, 198–199
phase
continuous, 317–318
dispersed, 317–318
phenolphthalein, 140, 205, 386–388
phosphate, qualitative analysis,
339–342