414 DIY Science: Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments
sodium hydroxide
double displacement reactions,
1 75–179
safety, 272, 350, 357
sol, 317–318
sol, gelled, 326–329
solid aerosol, 317–318
solid chemical
molal solution, 133–135
molar solution, 126–132
solid emulsion, 317–318
solid foam, 317–318
solid sol, 317–318
solubility
differential, separating sand
and sucrose, 94–96
product constant, 239–243
retrograde, 103, 235
solute, 121
solutions
bench, 123
boiling point elevation,
1 47, 149–152
colligative properties, boiling
point elevation, molar mass,
1 49–152
colligative properties, freezing
point depression, molar mass,
153–155
colligative properties, osmotic
pressure, 156–158
colligative properties, overview,
1 47–148
colloids, contrasted, 318–319
commonplace, 125
concentrated, 122
concentrations, 122–125
concentrations, visual
colorimetry, 142–145
defined, 121
dilute, 122
ebullioscopic constant, 147
everyday, 125
freezing point depression,
1 47, 153–155
heat of solution, 271–273
labels, 131
mass percentage, 123
mass-to-volume percentage,
1 40–141mass-volume percentage, 123
miscibility, 124
molal, solid chemical, 133–135
molality, 122
molar, liquid chemical, 136–139
molar, solid chemical, 126–132
molarity, 122
moles, 123
normality, 122–123
osmotic pressure, 147, 156–158
saturated, 122
stability, 125
standard, 124
stock, 124, 128–131
storage, 125
supersaturated, 101, 122
suspensions, contrasted,
318–319
Tyndall Effect, 318–319, 321–323
van’t Hoff factor, 148
vapor pressure reduction, 147
volume-volume percentage, 123
weight-volume percentage, 123
solvated ions, 239
solvents
common, 109
defined, 121
extraction, 105–107
nonpolar, 109
polar, 109
spatulas, 35–36
specialized ultrapure grade
chemicals, 47
specific heat of metals, 276–279
specific melting heat, 274–275
spectrometer, flame, 332
spectrophotometer, 142
S-phrases, 50–51
spirit thermometers, 35
splash goggles, 9, 10
spoons, 35–36
stable solutions, 125
standard solutions, 124
standardizing solutions by titration,
2 04–209
stands, 33–34
stationary phase, 108
stirring rods, 21
stock solutions, 124, 128–131
stoichiometric reactions, 163, 175–179stoppers
glass tubing, inserting, 90
rubber, 36–37
volumetric flasks, 25
storage
bottles, 19–20
labels, 131
solutions, 125
space, 41
stretching glass tubing, 88–90
strong solutions, 122
student-grade glassware, 14–15
substrate, 108
sucrose
molar mass by boiling point
elevation, 149–152
and sand, separating, 94–96
sulfate, qualitative analysis, 339–342
sulfite, qualitative analysis, 339–342
sulfur, composition reactions,
1 63–166
sulfuric acid, safety, 224, 340, 345
supernatant fluid, 83
supersaturated solutions, 101, 122
supervision, labs, 10
supplies
chromatography paper, 36
filter paper, 36
junk collecting, 41
pH measuring, 34–35
recommended, 38–41
surface area, chemical kinetics,
21 6–218
surfaces, work, 42
suspensions
everyday, 320
overview, 317–320
properties, 321–323
Tyndall Effect, 318–319, 321–323
symbols
NFPA 704 fire diamond, 49–50
pictograms, 52
synthesizing compounds
everyday, 373–374
methyl salicylate from aspirin,
3 74–379
overview, 373–374
rayon fiber, 380–383
systematic names, chemicals, 46–47