Medical Surgical Nursing

first bleeding episode is 45% to 50%; it is one of the major causes of death in

patients with cirrhosis

Clinical Manifestations

 The patient with bleeding esophageal varices may present with hematemesis,

melena, or general deterioration in mental or physical status and often has a

history of alcohol abuse.

 Signs and symptoms of shock (cool clammy skin, hypotension, tachycardia)

may be present.

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