China’s current physical education program, which includes standardized
routines for nationwide competition. Most recently, they have participated
in international martial arts tournaments, which have included contact
competition.
Stanley E. Henning
See alsoBoxing, Chinese; Folklore in the Martial Arts; Written Texts:
China; Yongchun (Wing Chun)
References
Brownell, Susan. 1995. Training the Body for China: Sports in the Moral
Order of the People’s Republic.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Dianshi Zhai Huabao(Dianshi Zhai Illustrated News). 1897.
Liu Xu. 1936. Jiu Tang Shu(Old Tang History). Shanghai: Zhonghua Press.
Meng Yuanlao et al. 1962. Dongjing Menghua Lu. Waisizhong.Shanghai:
Zhonghua Press.
Pu Songling. 1886. Liaozhai Zhiyi(Strange Tales from the Studio of Small
Talk).
Tuo Tuo. 1936. Song Shi(Song History). Shanghai: Zhonghua Press.
Twitchett, Denis, and Michael Loewe. 1986. The Cambridge History of
China.Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wang Genlin, ed. 1985. Sima Guang Zouyi(Sima Guang’s Memorials to the
Throne). Taiyuan: Shanxi People’s Press.
Xu Fang. 1985. Du Fu Shi Jinyi(A Modern Translation of Du Fu’s Poems).
Beijing: Renmin Ribao, 392–399.
Xu Ke. 1917. Qingbai Leiqiao(Qing Unofficial Categorized Extracts).
Shanghai: Commercial Press.
Zhang Jue. 1993. Wuyue Chunqiu Quanyi(Complete Translation of the
Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue). Guiyang: Guizhou People’s
Press.
Zheng Qiaosong, ed. 1975. Yongchun Xian Zhi (Yongchun County
Gazetteer). 1930. Reprint, Taibei: Chengwen Press.Women in the Martial Arts: Japan
Early History
The battle tales of Japan, chronicles of wars in the Heian, Kamakura, and
Muromachi periods, focus almost completely on the deeds of the nobility
and warrior classes. These tales, passed down by blind bards much as
Homer’s Iliad was, present warriors as archetypes: the tragic Loser-Hero,
the Warrior-Courtier, the Traitor, the Coward, and so on.
Women’s roles in such tales are slight:- The Tragic Heroine who kills herself at the death of her husband.
- The Loyal Wife who is taken captive.
- The Stalwart Mother who grooms her son to take vengeance for his dead
father. - The Merciful Woman whose “weak, feminine” qualities encourage a war-
rior chieftain to indulge in unmanly empathy, dissuading him from killing
the family of his enemy, who later grow up to kill him.
692 Women in the Martial Arts: Japan