is the work of builders and mechanics." He seems, like the later Stoics, to have believed in
astrology and divination. Cicero says that he attributed a divine potency to the stars. Diogenes
Lacrtius says: "All kinds of divination the Stoics leave valid. There must be divination, they say, if
there is such a thing as Providence. They prove the reality of the art of divination by a number of
cases in which predictions have come true, as Zeno asserts."Chrysippus is explicit on this subject.
The Stoic doctrine as to virtue does not appear in the surviving fragments of Zeno, but seems to
have been held by him.
Cleanthes of Assos, the immediate successor of Zeno, is chiefly notable for two things. First: as
we have already seen, he held that Aristarchus of Samos should be prosecuted for impiety because
he made the sun, instead of the earth, the centre of the universe. The second thing is his Hymn to
Zeus, much of which might have been written by Pope, or any educated Christian in the century
after Newton. Even more Christian is the short prayer of Cleanthes:
Lead me, O Zeus, and thou, O Destiny, Lead thou me on. To whatsoever task thou sendest me,
Lead thou me on. I follow fearless, or, if in mistrust I lag and will not, follow still I must.
Chrysippus ( 280-207 B.C.), who succeeded Cleanthes, was a voluminous author, and is said to
have written seven hundred and five books. He made Stoicism systematic and pedantic. He held
that only Zeus, the Supreme Fire, is immortal; the other gods, including the sun and moon, are
born and die. He is said to have considered that God has no share in the causation of evil, but it is
not clear how he reconciled this with determinism. Elsewhere he deals with evil after the manner
of Heraclitus, maintaining that opposites imply one another, and good without evil is logically
impossible: "There can be nothing more inept than the people who suppose that good could have
existed without the existence of evil. Good and evil being antithetical, both must needs subsist in
opposition." In support of this doctrine he appeals to Plato, not to Heraclitus.
Chrysippus maintained that the good man is always happy and the