George I, King of England ( 1660 -1727), 582
George III, King of England ( 1738-1820), 690
Gerbert. See Sylvester II, Pope
German philosophy, 179 , 595 , 642 , 673 , 718 , 719 -720, 721 , 730 ,
773 ; idealist, 605 , 682 , 701 -704, 719
German refugees, 402
German invasions, 274 , 275 , 284 , 335 , 367 , 374 , 402 Germanic
kingdoms, 366 Germany, 116 , 229 , 502 , 581 , 621 , 748 , 782 ;
Anabaptists in, 524 ; and Charlemagne, 389 , 392 , 393 ; and Church,
302 , 523 ; conflicts with papacy, 443 , 469 ; converted, 394 ; culture of,
492 ; dictatorship in, 701 ; feudal principles in, 429 ; and Hegel, 719
-721, 737 , 738 , 739 ; and Hume, 703 ; international position of, 720 ;
intellectual predominance of, 719 ; investiture struggle in, 415 -416; and
Italy, 431 , 444 ; Jews in, 434 ; king of, as emperor, 471 ; landholding in,
634 ; Machiavelli on, 508 ; and Marx, 783 , 789 ; and Mithraism, 281 ;
and Napoleon, 751 -752; and nationalism, 718 , 720 , 721 ; new society
created in, 511 ; and Plutarch, 101 ; power of government in, 555 ; and
prudence, 677 ; and Nietzsche, 764 ; and Reformation, 522 ; and
Renaissance, 512 ; and romanticism, 101 , 679 , 725 , 773 ; and Sicily,
443. See also Holy Roman Empire; Prussia
Gerson, Jean de, French cardinal and theologian ( 1362-1428?), 472 *,
483 , 513
Geulincx, Arnold, Belgian philosopher ( 1625-1699), 561 -562, 567
Ghazzali, al- (Abu-Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazzali), Arab philosopher
( 1058-1111), 426
Ghibellines, 444 ; 450 , 469 , 478 , 497 , 738 , 748 , 750
Gibbon, Edward, English historian ( 1737-1794), 261 -262, 331 , 332 ,
373 ; quoted, 262 , 280 , 287 *, 330 , 367 -368, 370 , 378
Gibraltar, 422
Gilbert, William, English physician and physicist ( 1540-1603), 536 ,
544
Girondins, 600
gladiators, 262
Glaucon, brother of Plato, 117
globe, 144
Gnosticism, 130 , 259 , 324 , 325 , 447 , 448 , 477 , 549 ; and Plotinus,
291 , 292 , 294 , 295