metaphysics, 38 , 52 , 68 , 198 , 285 , 663 ; and Arabs, 425 , 427 ; and
Aristotle, 159 -172, 182 , 183 , 195 , 200 -202; and Boethius, 370 , 371 ;
and Continental and British philosophy, 644 ; and Epicurus, 246 ; and
Hegel, 48 , 732 , 743 , 744 ; in Hellenistic world, 228 ; and Heraclitus, 41 ,
43 -47; Jewish, 309 ; and Leibniz, 591 -592, 594 ; and Locke, 609 ; and
Kant, 707 , 713 , 714 -716; mistakes in, 35 , 197 , 198 , 200 -202; and
Occam, 472 , 473 -475; and Parmenides, 48 , 129 ; and Plato, 121 -122,
129 , 166 , 195 ; and Plotinus, 288 ; and Spinoza, 570 , 571 , 572 , 576 ,
577 -578; and Zeno, 253
Metaphysics (Aristotle), 206 , 424
Metapontion, 30 , 33
Methodism, 22 , 250 , 749
method, 643 -647, 791
Methuselah, 360
metre, 140
Metrodorus, Greek Epicurean philosopher (? 277 B.C.), 242
Mexico, 4 , 620 , 827
Michael II, Roman Emperor in the East (reigned 820 -829), 404
Michael III, Roman Emperor in the East (reigned 842 -867), 396 , 402
Michael of Cesena, General of Franciscan Order (fl. ca. 1328), 468
Michelangelo (Buonarroti), Italian artist ( 14751564), 503 , 531 , 761
microscope, 535
middle ages, 10 , 301 , 600 , 827 ; and Aristotle, 101 , 184 , 195 , 207 , 234
, 418 419, 472 ; and St. Augustine, 363 ; and Boethius, 370 , 373 ; and
Byron, 750 ; and Church, 101 , 187 , 282 , 302 , 335 , 395 , 491 , 619 , 739
; and City of God, 355 ; communist rebels in, 747 ; despised in 15 th cent.,
486 ; die hard, 487 ; and Donation of Constantine, 391 ; dualism of, 229 ;
and economics, 728 ; and Gregory the Great, 382 ; and individualism, 598
; and Italian cities, 185 ; Jews in, 323 ; and kings, 340 *; and landholding,
635 ; and law of nature, 623 ; legal fictions in, 392 -393; and logic, 195 ,
269 ; and Lucretius, 248 ; Mohammedan civilization in, 323 ; originality
and archaism in, 429 -430; and philosophy, 37 , 72 -73, 187 , 199 , 301 ,
335 , 418 , 491 , 523 , 525 , 739 ; and Plato, 143 , 418 -419, 452 ; and
Plotinus, 285 ; and politics, 184 , 400 ; and pseudo-Dionysius, 403 , 407 ;
and romanticism, 678 ; Savonarola characteristic of, 502 ; and sin, 538 ;
submissive toward non-human environment, 827 ; and superstition, 527 ;
and Stoics, 269 ; and transubstantiation, 408 ; universality of Church and
Empire in, 282 ; unscientific, 528. See also Church; Holy Roman Empire;
papacy middle class, 486 , 597 , 629 , 647 , 728 , 785
Mikado, 113 , 620