Pachomius, St., Egyptian Christian, founder of first monastery (fl. ca.
315), 376
pacifism, 642 , 750
Palermo, 440 , 443
Palestine, 4 , 310 , 444
Pan, 13 -14
Panaetius of Rhodes, Stoic philosopher ( 180?110? B.C.), 258 , 259 , 271 ,
276 -277
Pangloss, Doctor, Voltaire's caricature of Leibniz, 581
Pannonias, 343
pantheism, 353 , 370 , 371 , 400 , 406 , 455 , 571 , 755
Paon. See Pan
papacy: absolutism of, 470 , 483 ; at Avignon, 469 ; and Crusades, 434 ; in
dark ages, 375 , 387 , 388 -400; declines, 476 -487; and Eastern Empire,
388 -391, 396 ; elections for, 394 , 397 , 412 , 413 , 414 , 431 , 482 , 483 ,
505 ; and Empire, 428 , 429 , 430 -431, 738 ; and England, 485 , 486 ;
power of, 302 , 381 , 382 , 388 , 395 , 397 , 442 , 443 , 478 , 498 , 506 ,
507 ; reform of, 411 , 412 ; revenues of, 502 , 503 ; and Roman
population, 412 413, 415 , 481 ; without moral power in 14 th cent., 479 ,
481. See also pope
Papal Domain, 496 , 499
Papal States, 505
Papini, Giovanni, Italian philosopher and writer (b. 1881), 828
parabola, 207 , 210 , 211
Paradise Lost ( Milton), 318
Paradiso ( Dante), 207 , 285 -286
Paraguay, 109
parallelogram law, 533
Paris, 140 , 161 , 466 , 468 , 567 , 582 , 660 , 753 ; Abélard in, 436 ,
437 ; Aquinas in, 452 , 453 ; Roger Bacon in, 463 , 464 ; Descartes in, 558
, 559 ; Parlement of, 690 *; Rousseau in, 676 , 686 , 691 ; University of,
427 , 453 , 461 , 466 , 483 , 513
Parliament, 443 , 518 , 541 , 635 ; conflict between king and, 547 , 551 ,
555 , 601 -603, 604 , 638 ; and Hobbes, 547 , 548 , 551 , 555 ; and Locke,
604 , 637 , 638 , 639. See also Commons; Long Parliament; Lords