423 , 735 ; originality of, 430 ; pagan philosophy ends with, 477 ; and
Plato, 570 ; cited, 288 *; quoted, 288 -296
pluralism, 65 , 130 , 595
plurality, 708 , 802 , 830
Plutarch, Greek biographer ( 467 -120?), 94 , 100 , 101 -104, 687 , 695 ,
765 ; quoted, 96 , 101 -104, 215 , 237
plutocracy, plutocrat, 34 , 74 , 619
poets, 45 -46, 53 -54, 110 , 115
pogroms, 323 , 368 , 430
Poland, 634
politics, 88 , 94 , 105 , 106 107, 117 , 225 , 570 , 596 597, 703 , 791 ;
Arab, 422 ; and Aristotle, 176 , 177 , 181 , 182 , 184 -195; and Bentham,
776 , 777 , 778 , 780 ; and Christianity, 301 , 329 , 332 , 333 , 408 , 410 ;
and Darwin, 727 , 780 -781; and Dewey, 819 ; and ethics, 176 , 177 ,
179 , 770 , 834 ; and Euclid, 36 ; and evolution, 511 ; and Greeks, 53 ,
79 , 101 , 224 , 229 , 230 , 276 , 509 ; and Locke, 605 , 617 -640; and
Machiavelli, 504 511, 761 -762; and Marsiglio of Padua, 469 , 470 ; and
Marx, 782 , 785 , 786 ; and Middle Ages, 400 , 441 ; modern, 34 , 306 ,
719 , 789 -790; and Nietzsche, 761 -762, 768 , 771 ; and Occam, 469 ,
470 , 471 ; and romanticism, 675 , 682 ; and Rome, 251 , 276 , 509 ; and
Rousseau, 684 , 694 -701
Politics ( Aristotle), 26 , 99 *, 184 -194
Polo, Marco, Venetian traveller and writer ( 1254?-1324?), 679
Polybius, Greek historian ( 200?-122? B.C.), 259 , 271 , 276
Polycrates, tyrant of Samos (reigned ca. 535515 B.C.), 29 -30
polygamy, 373 , 422
polytheism, 4 , 227
poor, 177 , 225 , 329 , 337 , 338 , 631 , 676 , 747 , 765
Poor Men of Lyons, 448 , 449
Pope, Alexander, English
poet ( 1688-1744), 257 , 371 , 752 ; quoted, 538 , 676
pope(s), 304 , 369 , 374 , 375 , 377 , 478 , 479 , 485 , 518. and emperor,
304 , 363 , 392 -393, 408 , 412 -416, 429 , 443 -446, 469 -470, 471 ; and
philosophers, 460 , 463 , 439 -440, 464 , 471 , 515 , 526 , 554 ; power
of, 329 -330, 471 , 498 , 509 , 522 , 619 ; and Reformation, 522 , 523 ;
and Renaissance, 498 , 501 ; and Roman population, 408 409, 415. See
also papacy
Pope Joan, 398