Advanced Programming in the UNIX® Environment

     - ptg

• 2.2 UNIX Standardization


• 2.2.1 ISOC2


• 2.2.2 IEEE POSIX


• 2.2.3 The Single UNIX Specification


• 2.2.4 FIPS


• 2.3 UNIX System Implementations


• 2.3.1 UNIX System V Release


• 2.3.2 4.4BSD


• 2.3.3 FreeBSD


• 2.3.4 Linux


• 2.3.5 Mac OS X


• 2.3.6 Solaris


• 2.3.7 Other UNIX Systems


• 2.4 Relationship of Standards and Implementations


• 2.5 Limits


• 2.5.1 ISOCLimits


• 2.5.2 POSIX Limits


• 2.5.3 XSI Limits
  
  
  • Functions 2.5.4 sysconf,pathconf,andfpathconf
  
  
  
  


• 2.5.5 Indeterminate Runtime Limits


• 2.6 Options


• 2.7 Feature Test Macros


• 2.8 PrimitiveSystem Data Types


• 2.9 Differences Between Standards


• 2.10 Summary6


• Chapter 3. File I/O
  
  
  • 3.1 Introduction
  
  
  • 3.2 File Descr iptors
  
  
  • 3.3 openandopenat Functions
  
  
  • 3.4 creatFunction
  
  
  • 3.5 closeFunction
  
  
  • 3.6 lseekFunction
  
  
  • 3.7 readFunction
  
  
  • 3.8 writeFunction
  
  
  • 3.9 I/O Efficiency
  
  
  • 3.10 File Shar ing
  
  
  • 3.11 Atomic Operations
  
  
  • 3.12 dupanddup2 Functions
  
  
  • 3.13 sync,fsync,and fdatasyncFunctions
  
  
  • 3.14 fcntlFunction
    
    
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  • 3.15 ioctlFunction Contents xi
  
  
  • 3.16 /dev/fd
  
  
  • 3.17 Summary9
  
  
  
  


• Chapter 4. Files and Directories
  
  
  • 4.1 Introduction
  
  
  • 4.2 stat,fstat,fstatat,and lstatFunctions
  
  
  • 4.3 FileTy pes
  
  
  • 4.4 Set-User-ID and Set-Group-ID
  
  
  • 4.5 File Access Per missions
  
  
  • 4.6 Ownership of NewFiles and Directories
  
  
  • 4.7 accessandfaccessat Functions
  
  
  • 4.8 umaskFunction
  
  
  • 4.9 chmod,fchmod,and fchmodatFunctions
  
  
  • 4.10 Sticky Bit
    
    
    • Functions 4.11 chown,fchown,fchownat,and lchown
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 4.12 File Size1
  
  
  • 4.13 FileTr uncation
  
  
  • 4.14 File Systems
    
    
    • Functions 4.15 link,linkat,unlink, unlinkat,and remove
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 4.16 renameandrenameat Functions
  
  
  • 4.17 Symbolic Links
  
  
  • 4.18 Creating and Reading Symbolic Links
  
  
  • 4.19 File Times
  
  
  • 4.20 futimens,utimensat,andutimes Functions
  
  
  • 4.21 mkdir,mkdirat,and rmdirFunctions
  
  
  • 4.22 Reading Director ies
  
  
  • 4.23 chdir,fchdir,and getcwdFunctions
  
  
  • 4.24 Device Special Files
  
  
  • 4.25 Summary of File Access Per mission Bits
  
  
  • 4.26 Summary1
  
  
  
  


• Chapter 5. StandardI/O Library1
  
  
  • 5.1 Introduction
  
  
  • 5.2 Streams and FILEObjects
    
    
    • Error 5.3 Standard Input, Standard Output, and Standard
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 5.4 Buffer ing
  
  
  • 5.5 OpeningaStream
    
    
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  • 5.6 Reading and Writing a Stream xii Contents
  
  
  • 5.7 Line-at-a-Time I/O
  
  
  • 5.8 Standard I/O Efficiency
  
  
  • 5.9 BinaryI/O
  
  
  • 5.10 Positioning a Stream
  
  
  • 5.11 For matted I/O
  
  
  • 5.12 Implementation Details
  
  
  • 5.13 Temporar y Files
  
  
  • 5.14 MemoryStreams
  
  
  • 5.15 Alternatives to Standard I/O
  
  
  • 5.16 Summary1
  
  
  
  


• Chapter 6. System Data Files and Information
  
  
  • 6.1 Introduction
  
  
  • 6.2 Password File
  
  
  • 6.3 ShadowPasswords
  
  
  • 6.4 Group File
  
  
  • 6.5 SupplementaryGroup IDs
  
  
  • 6.6 Implementation Differences
  
  
  • 6.7 Other Data Files
  
  
  • 6.8 Login Accounting
  
  
  • 6.9 System Identification
  
  
  • 6.10 Time and Date Routines
  
  
  • 6.11 Summary1
  
  
  
  


• Chapter 7. Process Environment
  
  
  • 7.1 Introduction
  
  
  • 7.2 mainFunction
  
  
  • 7.3 ProcessTe rmination
  
  
  • 7.4 Command-Line Arguments
  
  
  • 7.5 Environment List
  
  
  • 7.6 MemoryLay out of a C Program2
  
  
  • 7.7 Shared Librar ies
  
  
  • 7.8 MemoryAllocation
  
  
  • 7.9 Environment Var iables
  
  
  • 7.10 setjmpandlongjmp Functions
  
  
  • 7.11 getrlimitandsetrlimit Functions
  
  
  • 7.12 Summary2
  
  
  
  


• Chapter 8. Process Control
  
  
  • 8.1 Introduction
    
    
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  • 8.2 Process Identifiers Contents xiii
  
  
  • 8.3 forkFunction
  
  
  • 8.4 vforkFunction
  
  
  • 8.5 exitFunctions
  
  
  • 8.6 waitandwaitpid Functions
  
  
  • 8.7 waitidFunction
  
  
  • 8.8 wait3andwait4 Functions
  
  
  • 8.9 Race Conditions
  
  
  • 8.10 execFunctions
  
  
  • 8.11 Changing User IDs and Group IDs
  
  
  • 8.12 Interpreter Files
  
  
  • 8.13 systemFunction
  
  
  • 8.14 Process Accounting
  
  
  • 8.15 User Identification
  
  
  • 8.16 Process Scheduling
  
  
  • 8.17 Process Times
  
  
  • 8.18 Summary2
  
  
  
  


• Chapter 9. Process Relationships
  
  
  • 9.1 Introduction
  
  
  • 9.2 Ter minal Logins
  
  
  • 9.3 Networ k Logins
  
  
  • 9.4 Process Groups
  
  
  • 9.5 Sessions
  
  
  • 9.6 ControllingTe rminal
    
    
    • Functions 9.7 tcgetpgrp,tcsetpgrp,andtcgetsid
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 9.8 Job Control
  
  
  • 9.9 Shell Execution of Programs
  
  
  • 9.10 Orphaned Process Groups
  
  
  • 9.11 FreeBSD Implementation
  
  
  • 9.12 Summary3
  
  
  
  


• Chapter 10. Signals
  
  
  • 10.1 Introduction
  
  
  • 10.2 Signal Concepts
  
  
  • 10.3 signalFunction
  
  
  • 10.4 Unreliable Signals
  
  
  • 10.5 Interrupted System Calls
  
  
  • 10.6 Reentrant Functions
  
  
  • 10.7 SIGCLDSemantics
    
    
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  • 10.8 Reliable-Signal Ter minology and Semantics xiv Contents
  
  
  • 10.9 killandraise Functions
  
  
  • 10.10 alarmandpause Functions
  
  
  • 10.11 Signal Sets
  
  
  • 10.12 sigprocmaskFunction
  
  
  • 10.13 sigpendingFunction
  
  
  • 10.14 sigactionFunction
  
  
  • 10.15 sigsetjmpandsiglongjmp Functions
  
  
  • 10.16 sigsuspendFunction
  
  
  • 10.17 abortFunction
  
  
  • 10.18 systemFunction
    
    
    • Functions 10.19 sleep,nanosleep,and clock_nanosleep
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 10.20 sigqueueFunction
  
  
  • 10.21 Job-Control Signals
  
  
  • 10.22 Signal Names and Numbers
  
  
  • 10.23 Summary3
  
  
  
  


• Chapter 11. Threads
  
  
  • 11.1 Introduction
  
  
  • 11.2 Thread Concepts
  
  
  • 11.3 Thread Identification
  
  
  • 11.4 Thread Creation
  
  
  • 11.5 ThreadTe rmination
  
  
  • 11.6 Thread Synchronization
  
  
  • 11.6.1 Mutexes3
  
  
  • 11.6.2 DeadlockAvoidance
  
  
  • 11.6.3 pthread_mutex_timedlockFunction
  
  
  • 11.6.4 Reader–Writer Locks
  
  
  • 11.6.5 Reader–Writer Locking with Timeouts
  
  
  • 11.6.6 ConditionVariables
  
  
  • 11.6.7 Spin Locks
  
  
  • 11.6.8 Barriers
  
  
  • 11.7 Summary4
  
  
  
  


• Chapter 12. Thread Control
  
  
  • 12.1 Introduction
  
  
  • 12.2 Thread Limits
  
  
  • 12.3 Thread Attr ibutes
  
  
  • 12.4 Synchronization Attr ibutes
  
  
  • 12.4.1 MutexAttr ibutes
    
    
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  • 12.4.2 Reader–Writer LockAttr ibutes Contents xv
  
  
  • 12.4.3 ConditionVariable Attributes
  
  
  • 12.4.4 Barrier Attributes
  
  
  • 12.5 Reentrancy
  
  
  • 12.6 Thread-Specific Data
  
  
  • 12.7 Cancel Options
  
  
  • 12.8 Threads and Signals
  
  
  • 12.9 Threads andfork
  
  
  • 12.10 Threads and I/O
  
  
  • 12.11 Summary4
  
  
  
  


• Chapter 13. Daemon Processes
  
  
  • 13.1 Introduction
  
  
  • 13.2 Daemon Character istics
  
  
  • 13.3 Coding Rules
  
  
  • 13.4 Error Logging
  
  
  • 13.5 Single-Instance Daemons
  
  
  • 13.6 Daemon Conventions
  
  
  • 13.7 Client–ServerModel
  
  
  • 13.8 Summary4
  
  
  
  


• Chapter 14. Advanced I/O
  
  
  • 14.1 Introduction
  
  
  • 14.2 Nonblocking I/O
  
  
  • 14.3 Record Locking
  
  
  • 14.4 I/O Multiplexing
  
  
  • 14.4.1 selectandpselect Functions
  
  
  • 14.4.2 pollFunction
  
  
  • 14.5 Asynchronous I/O
  
  
  • 14.5.1 SystemVAsynchronous I/O
  
  
  • 14.5.2 BSD Asynchronous I/O
  
  
  • 14.5.3 POSIX Asynchronous I/O
  
  
  • 14.6 readvandwritev Functions
  
  
  • 14.7 readnandwriten Functions
  
  
  • 14.8 Memory-Mapped I/O
  
  
  • 14.9 Summary5
  
  
  
  


• Chapter 15. Interprocess Communication
  
  
  • 15.1 Introduction
  
  
  • 15.2 Pipes
  
  
  • 15.3 popenandpclose Functions
    
    
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  • 15.4 Coprocesses xvi Contents
  
  
  • 15.5 FIFOs
  
  
  • 15.6 XSI IPC
  
  
  • 15.6.1 Identifiers and Keys5
  
  
  • 15.6.2 Per mission Str ucture
  
  
  • 15.6.3 Configuration Limits
  
  
  • 15.6.4 Advantages and Disadvantages
  
  
  • 15.7 Message Queues
  
  
  • 15.8 Semaphores
  
  
  • 15.9 Shared Memor y
  
  
  • 15.10 POSIX Semaphores
  
  
  • 15.11 Client–ServerProper ties
  
  
  • 15.12 Summary5
  
  
  
  


• Chapter 16. Network IPC: Sockets
  
  
  • 16.1 Introduction
  
  
  • 16.2 SocketDescr iptors
  
  
  • 16.3 Addressing
  
  
  • 16.3.1 Byte Order ing
  
  
  • 16.3.2 AddressFormats
  
  
  • 16.3.3 Address Lookup
  
  
  • 16.3.4 Associating Addresses with Sockets
  
  
  • 16.4 Connection Establishment
  
  
  • 16.5 DataTr ansfer
  
  
  • 16.6 SocketOptions
  
  
  • 16.7 Out-of-Band Data
  
  
  • 16.8 Nonblocking and Asynchronous I/O
  
  
  • 16.9 Summary6
  
  
  
  


• Chapter 17. Advanced IPC
  
  
  • 17.1 Introduction
  
  
  • 17.2 UNIX Domain Sockets
  
  
  • 17.2.1 Naming UNIX Domain Sockets
  
  
  • 17.3 Unique Connections
  
  
  • 17.4 Passing File Descriptors
  
  
  • 17.5 An Open Server, Version
  
  
  • 17.6 An Open Server, Version
  
  
  • 17.7 Summary6
  
  
  
  


• Chapter 18. Terminal I/O
  
  
  • 18.1 Introduction
    
    
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  • 18.2 Over view6 Contents xvii
  
  
  • 18.3 Special Input Characters
  
  
  • 18.4 Getting and Setting Ter minal Attr ibutes
  
  
  • 18.5 Ter minal Option Flags
  
  
  • 18.6 sttyCommand
  
  
  • 18.7 Baud Rate Functions
  
  
  • 18.8 Line Control Functions
  
  
  • 18.9 Ter minal Identification
  
  
  • 18.10 Canonical Mode
  
  
  • 18.11 Noncanonical Mode
  
  
  • 18.12 Ter minal WindowSize7
  
  
  • 18.13 termcap,terminfo,and curses
  
  
  • 18.14 Summary7
  
  
  
  


• Chapter 19. Pseudo Terminals
  
  
  • 19.1 Introduction
  
  
  • 19.2 Over view7
  
  
  • 19.3 Opening Pseudo-Ter minal Devices
  
  
  • 19.4 pty_forkFunction
  
  
  • 19.5 ptyProgram7
  
  
  • 19.6 Using thepty Program7
  
  
  • 19.7 Advanced Features
  
  
  • 19.8 Summary7
  
  
  
  


• Chapter 20. ADatabase Library7
  
  
  • 20.1 Introduction
  
  
  • 20.2 History7
  
  
  • 20.3 The Librar y
  
  
  • 20.4 Implementation Over view7
  
  
  • 20.5 Centralized or Decentralized?
  
  
  • 20.6 Concurrency
  
  
  • 20.7 Building the Librar y
  
  
  • 20.8 Source Code
  
  
  • 20.9 Perfor mance
  
  
  • 20.10 Summary7
  
  
  
  


• Chapter 21. Communicating with a Network Printer
  
  
  • 21.1 Introduction
  
  
  • 21.2 The Inter net Pr inting Protocol
  
  
  • 21.3 The Hyper text Transfer Protocol
  
  
  • 21.4 Printer Spooling
    
    
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  • 21.5 Source Code xviii Contents
  
  
  • 21.6 Summary8
  
  
  
  


• Appendix A. Function Prototypes


• Appendix B. Miscellaneous Source Code
  
  
  • B.1Our Header File
  
  
  • B.2Standard Error Routines
  
  
  
  


• Appendix C. Solutions to Selected Exercises


• Bibliography9


• Index9