REFERENCES R81
with the nonmedical use of abusable
prescription drugs. Substance Use & Misuse,
39,1–23.
Simons, R. L., Murry, V., McLoyd, V., Lin,
K., Cutrona, C., & Conger, R. D. (2002).
Discrimination, crime, ethnic identity,
and parenting as correlates of depressive
symptoms among African American children:
A multilevel analysis. Development and
Psychopathology, 14 , 371–393.
Simos, P. G., Fletcher, J. M., Sarkari,
S., Billingsley, R. L., Denton, C., &
Papanicolaou, A. C. (2007). Altering
the brain circuits for reading through
intervention: A magnetic source imaging
study. Neuropsychology, 21, 485–496.
Simpson, D. D. (1984) National treatment
system evaluation based on the drug abuse
reporting program (DARP) follow-up research.
NIDA Research Monograph, 51, 29–41.
Simpson, D. D., Joe, G. W., & Broome,
K. M. (2002). A national 5-year follow-
up of treatment outcomes for cocaine
dependence.Archives of General
Psychiatry, 59, 538–544.
Simpson, M. E., & Conklin, G. H. (1989).
Socio-economic development, suicide and
religion: A test of Durkheim’s theory of religion
and suicide Social Forces, 67 , 945–964.
Siok, W. T., Perfetti, C. A., Jin, Z., & Tan,
L. H. (2004). Biological abnormality of
impaired reading is constrained by culture.
Nature, 431, 71–76.
Siqueland, L., Rynn, M., & Diamond, G. S.
(2005). Cognitive behavioral and attachment
based family therapy for anxious adolescents:
Phase I and II studies. Journal of Anxiety
Disorders, 19, 361–381.
Siris, S. G. (2001). Suicide and schizophrenia.
Journal of Psychopharmacology, 15, 127–135.
Skaer, T. L., Sclar, D. A., & Robison, L. M.
(2008). Trend in anxiety disorders in the USA
1990–2003.Primary Care & Community
Psychiatry, 13 , 1–7.
Skeels, H., & Dye, H. (1939). A study of the
effects of differential stimulation on mentally
retarded children. American Journal of
Mental Defi ciency, 44, 114–136.
Skeem, J. L., & Mulvey, E. P. (2001).
Psychopathy and community violence among
civil psychiatric patients: Results from
the MacArthur violence risk assessment
study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 69, 358–374.
Skinner, B. F. (1965).Science and human
behavior. New York: Free Press.
Skinner, B. F. (1986). What is wrong with
daily life in the Western world? American
Psychologist, 41 , 568–574.
Skinner, B. F. (1987). Whatever happened
to psychology as the science of behavior?
American Psychologist, 42 , 780–786.
Skinner, H. A. (1995). Critical issues in the
diagnosis of substance use disorders. In J. D.
Blaine, A. M. Horton, & L. H. Towle (Eds.),
Diagnosis and severity of drug abuse and
dependence. (NIH Publication No. 95–3884).
Skodol, A. E. (2005). Manifestations, clinical
diagnosis, and comorbidity. In J. M. Oldham,
A. E. Skodol, & D. S. Bender (Eds.), The
American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of
personality disorders (pp. 57–87). Washington,
DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Skodol, A. E., Gunderson, J. G., McGlashan,
T. H., Dyck, I. R., Stout, R. L., Bender, D.
S., et al. (2002). Functional impairment
in patients with schizotypal, borderline,
avoidant, or obsessive-compulsive personality
disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry,
159,276–283.
Skodol, A. E., Gunderson, J. G., Shea, M. T.,
McGlashan, T. H., Morey, L. C., Sanislow,
C. A., et al. (2005). The Collaborative
Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study
(CLPS): Overview and implications. Journal
of Personality Disorders, 19, 487–504.
Skodol, A. E., Oldham, J. M., & Gallaher,
P. E. (1999). Axis II comorbidity of substance
use disorders among patients referred for
treatment of personality disorders. American
Journal of Psychiatry, 156 , 733–738.
Skodol, A. E., Oldham, J. M., Hyler, S. E.,
Kellman, H. D., Doidge, N., & Davies,
M. (1993). Comorbidity of DSM-III-R
eating disorders and personality disorders.
International Journal of Eating Disorders,
14 , 403–416.
Skodol, A. E., Oldham, J. M., Hyler,
S. E., Stein, D. J., Hollander, E., Galagher,
P. E., et al. (1995). Patterns of anxiety and
personality disorder comorbidity. Journal of
Psychiatric Research, 29, 361–374.
Skodol, A. E., Pagano, M. E., Bender, D. S.,
Shea, M. T., Gunderson, J. G., Yen, S., et al.
(2005). Stability of functional impairment
in patients with schizotypal, borderline,
avoidant, or obsessive-compulsive personality
disorder over two years. Psychological
Medicine, 35, 443–451.
Skodol, A. E., Siever, L. J., Livesley, W. J.,
Gunderson, J. G., Pfohl, B., & Widiger, T. A.
(2002). The borderline diagnosis II: Biology,
genetics, and clinical course. Biological
Psychiatry, 51, 951–963.
Sleek, S. (1997). Treating people who live life
on the borderline. APA Monitor, 7, 20–22.
Sloan, D. M., Mizes, J. S., & Epstein, E. M.
(2005). Empirical classifi cation of eating
disorders.Eating Behaviors, 6, 53–62.
Slomkowski, C., Klein, R. G., & Mannuzza,
S. (1995). Is self-esteem an important
outcome in hyperactive children? Journal of
Abnormal Child Psychology, 23, 303–315.
Slutske, W. S., Heath, A. C., Dinwiddie,
S. H., Madden, P. A. F., Bucholz, K. K.,Dunne, M. P., et al. (1997). Modeling genetic
and environmental infl uences in the etiology
of conduct disorder: A study of 2,682 adult
twin pairs. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,
106,266–279.
Small, G. W., Kepe, V., Ercoli, L. M.,
Siddarth, P., Bookheimer, S. Y., Miller, K. J.,
et al. (2006). PET of brain amyloid and tau
in mild cognitive impairment. New England
Journal of Medicine, 355, 2652–2653.
Smeets, G., de Jong, P. J., & Mayer, B. (2000).
If you suffer from a headache, then you have
a brain tumour: Domain-specifi c reasoning
“bias” and hypochondriasis. Behavioral
Research and Therapy, 38, 763–776.
Smith A. (2000). An fMRI investigation
of frontal lobe functioning in psychopathy
and schizophrenia during a go/no go task
(Doctoral dissertation, The University of
British Columbia, Canada). Dissertation
Abstracts International B, Physical Sciences
and Engineering. 61 (01), 128.
Smith G. R., Jr., Monson, R. A., & Ray,
D. C. (1986). Patients with multiple
unexplained symptoms: Their characteristics,
functional health, and health care utilization.
Archives of Internal Medicine, 146, 69–72.
Smith, D. C., Hall, J. A., Williams, J. K.,
An, H., & Gotman, N. (2006). Comparative
effi cacy of family and group treatment
for adolescent substance abuse. American
Journal on Addictions, 15, 131–136.
Smith, E. E., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2006).
Cognitive psychology: Mind and brain.
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Smith, K. A., Fairburn, C. G., & Cowen,
P. J. (1999). Symptomatic relapse in
bulimia nervosa following acute tryptophan
depletion.Archives of General Psychiatry,
56,171–176.
Smith, L. M., Chang, L., Yonekura, M. L.,
Gilbride, K., Kuo, J., Poland, R. E., Walot,
I., & Ernst, T. (2001). Brain proton magnetic
resonance spectroscopy and imaging in
children exposed to cocaine in utero.
Pediatrics, 107, 227–231.
Smith, R. C., Gardiner, J. C., Lyles, J. S.,
Sirbu, C., Dwamena, F. C., Hodges, A., et al.
(2005). Exploration of DSM-IV-TR criteria
in primary care patients with medically
unexplained symptoms. Psychosomatic
Medicine, 67, 123–129.
Smith, T. C., Ryan, M. A. K., Wingard, D. L.,
Slymen, D. J., Sallis, J. F., & Kritz-Silverstein,
D. (2008). New onset and persistent
symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder
self reported after deployment and combat
exposures: Prospective population based
US military cohort study. British Medical
Journal, 336, 366–371.
Smith, Y. L. S., van Goozen, S. H. M., &
Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2001). Adolescents
with gender identity disorder who were
accepted or rejected for sex reassignment