internal dynamics of the prosperous justice party and jamaah tarbiyah 55
Figure 2Female mps (2009–2014) and candidates
(2009) in the Indonesian Parliament
In the general election of 2009, the pks had the highest number of
female candidates for national legislators among major parties – 212 out of
579 or 36.1 per cent. However, when it came to the number of candidates
who were elected in the 2009–2014 Parliament, the party experienced the
lowest number – three out of 57 or only 5.2 per cent. This discloses the
reality of the situation of women politicians in the party who suffer from a
paradox: on the one hand, at a personal level, female leaders and activists
of the pks have a high level of education and skills and have played
substantial roles in contributing to the party’s achievements. On the
other hand, at an institutional level, they have limited opportunities both
to advance their careers and to be acknowledged for their contributions.⁶⁰
3.3 Asymmetrical Organisations
Until 1998, the jt was organised as a secretive movement, imitating the
Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood, with a supreme leader at the top holding
religious as well as organisational authority. He was assisted by deputies
with different tasks. The jt supreme leader came under the auspices of
Permata, “The Prosperous Justice Party,” 36–37.