CHAPTER 15 Pain Management^541
HALLMARK SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
In addition to the above, other manifestations may include:
- Anger
- Decreased mobility
- Decreased energy
- Depression
- Restlessness or anxiety
- Tense muscles
INTERPRETING TEST RESULTS
- Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate may be elevated.
- Pain scales.
TREATMENTS
- Anxiolytics.
- Antidepressants.
- Neuroleptics.
NURSING DIAGNOSES
- Chronic pain
- Hopelessness
- Self-esteem, situational low
NURSING INTERVENTIONS
- Recommend counseling or joining a support group.
- Daily exercise.
- Physical therapy.