CHAPTER 15 Pain Management^551
WHAT WENT WRONG?
Some patients who take pain medications other than directed or to achieve a sen-
sation different than pain relief are more at risk for addiction. Addiction is a multi-
faceted problem caused by peer pressure, genetic factors, social nonconformity,
stress, depression, and mental anxiety. Those who have a family member with an
addiction or who have themselves had an addiction in the past are at an increased
risk. Societal pressures and environmental pressures can influence the probability
of becoming addicted. Research has determined that long-term drug use results in
changes in brain function, which increases the compulsion to abuse drugs.
PROGNOSIS
People of all ages, young ones in particular, are dying in unprecedented numbers
because of their addictions. Most of the deaths are due to addiction to diverted pre-
scription analgesics, alcohol, and benzodiazepines. Since addiction is such a multi-
faceted problem, treatment prognosis varies greatly. Relapses, unfortunately, are
frequent. Studies have shown that females and older patients respond better to
treatment programs and have fewer relapses. The greatest incidence of drug addic-
tion occurs in males between the ages of 18 and 25. Active participation in a treat-
ment program increases the chances of success.
HALLMARK SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- Tachycardia
- Dilated pupils
- Restlessness
- Weight loss due to poor appetite
- Hypervigilance
- Euphoria
- Death due to overdose
INTERPRETING TEST RESULTS
- Urinalysis for initial diagnoses and to monitor compliance; will determine
substance and toxicity. - Blood tests will identify the drug used up to 12 hours before testing