e. Coagulation defect: Use of anticoagulant, liver disease and
thrombocytopaenia.
f. Renal vascular disease: Renal infarction, renal vein thrombosis or
malignant hypertension.
g. Exertional haematuria.
II. Hematuria of ureteral origin:
a. Malignancy.
b. Nephrolithiasis
c. Ureteral inflammatory condition secondary to nearby inflammation
e.g. diverticulitis, appendicitis or salpingitis.
d. Ureteral trauma e.g. during ureteroscopy.
III. Hematuria of bladder origin:
a. Infection: schistosoma, viral or bacterial cystitis.
b. Neoplasms.
c. Foreign body in the bladder e.g. stones.
d. Trauma: During instrumentation or accidental.
e. Drug: e.g. cyclophosphamide induced haemorrhagic cystitis.
IV. Hematuria of urethral or associated structures:
a. Prostate: acute prostatitis, benign prostatic hypertrophy.
b. Urethritis, foreign body or local trauma to the urethra.