etc.), a Vedic connection of the so-called S ́iva Pas ́upati found on some Harappa
seals (D. Srinivasan 1984) cannot be established; this mythological concept is
due, rather, to common Eurasian ideas of the “Lord of the Animals” who is
already worshipped by many Neolithic hunting societies. Similarly, the remnants
of the so-called fire rituals at Kalibangan (B. B. Lal 1997) involve clearly non-
Vedic offerings of animal bones; they (and the so-called “lin.ga steles,” actually
supports for cooking pots) may represent nothing but a community kitchen of
the Indus Civilization (R. S. Sharma 1995: 47).
Bibliography
Apte, V. M. Social and religious life in the Gr.hyasu ̄ tras. Ahmedabad, 1939.
——.The sacrament of marriage in Hindu society from Vedic period to Dharmas ́a ̄stras. Delhi,
1978.
Basu, J. India of the age of the Bra ̄hman.a. Calcutta, 1969.
Benveniste, E. and L. Renou. Vr.tra et Vr.thragna: Etude de mythologie indo-iranienne. Paris,
1934.
Bergaigne, A. La religion védique, 3 vols. (Bibliothèque de l’école des Hautes études 36,
53–4.) Paris, 1878–83. Engl. trans. V. G. Paranjpe, Poona, 1978.
Bhawe, S. Die Yajus’ des As ́vamedha. Stuttgart, 1939.
Bhide, V. V. The Ca ̄turma ̄sya sacrifices. With special reference to the Hiran.yakes ́i S ́rauta Su ̄tra.
Poona, 1979.
Bloomfield, M. 1889. “The Kaus ́ika Su ̄ tra of the Artharvaveda,” Journal of the American
Oriental Society14, repr. Delhi, 1972.
Bodewitz, H. W. Jaiminı ̄ya Bra ̄hman.a I, 1–65. Translation and commentary with a study of
the Agnihotra and Pra ̄n.a ̄gnihotra. Leiden, 1973.
——.The daily evening and morning offering (Agnihotra) according to the Bra ̄hman.as.Leiden,
1976.
——. “The fourth Priest (the Brahmán) in Vedic ritual,” Studies in the History of Religions
45, 1983: 33–68.
Bollée, W. B. “The Indo-European sodalities in Ancient India,” Zeitschrift der Deutschen
Morgenländischen Gesellschaft131, 1981: 172–91.
Brereton, J. P. The R.gvedic A ̄dityas. New Haven, 1981.
——. “Tat tvam asi in Context,” Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft
136, 1986: 98–109.
——. “Unsounded speech: Problems in the interpretation of BU(M) I.5.10 =BU (K)
1.5.3,”Indo-Iranian Journal 31, 1988: 1–10.
Brown, W. N. “The Basis for the Hindu Act of Truth,” Review of Religions5, 1940: 36–45.
——. “The Metaphysics of the Truth Act (*Satyakriya ̄),” in Mélanges d’Indianisme à la
mémoire de L. Renou. Paris, 1968, 171–7.
Bühnemann, G. Pu ̄ja ̄: A study in Sma ̄rta ritual.Wien, 1988.
Buitenen, J. A. B. van. The Pravargya. Poona, 1968.
Caland, W. 1893. Altindischer Ahnenkult: Das S ́ra ̄ddha nach den verschiedene Schulen mit
Benutzung handschriftlicher Quellen dargestellt. Leiden, 1893.
——.Die altindischen Todten- und Bestattungs-gebräuche. Amsterdam, 1896.
——.Altindisches Zauberritual. Probe einer Übersetzung der wichtigsten Theile des Kaus ́ika
Su ̄tra. Amsterdam, 1900.
vedas and upanis.ads 91