- 1 Properties and Sources of Radiation Preface xxiii
- 1.1 TypesofRadiation............................
- 1.2 WavesorParticles?............................
- 1.3 RadioactivityandRadioactiveDecay
- 1.3.A Decay Energy orQ-Value
- 1.3.B TheDecayEquation.......................
- 1.3.C CompositeRadionuclides
- 1.3.D RadioactiveChain
- 1.3.E Decay Equilibrium
- E.1 Secular Equilibrium
- E.2 Transient Equilibrium
- E.3 No Equilibrium
- 1.3.F BranchingRatio
- 1.3.G UnitsofRadioactivity
- 1.4 Activation.................................
- 1.5 SourcesofRadiation
- 1.5.A NaturalSources..........................
- A.1 CosmicRadiationSources...................
- A.2 TerrestrialRadiationSources
- A.3 InternalRadiationSources
- 1.5.B Man-MadeSources........................
- 1.5.A NaturalSources..........................
- 1.6 General Properties and Sources of Particles and Waves
- 1.6.A Photons..............................
- A.1 SourcesofPhotons.......................
- 1.6.B Electrons
- B.1 SourcesofElectrons
- 1.6.C Positrons
- C.1 SourcesofPositrons
- 1.6.D Protons
- D.1 SourcesofProtons
- 1.6.E Neutrons
- E.1 SourcesofNeutrons
- 1.6.F AlphaParticles..........................
- F.1 Sources ofα-Particles
- 1.6.G FissionFragments
- 1.6.H Muons,NeutrinosandotherParticles
- H.1 Muons..............................
- H.2 Neutrinos
- H.3 SomeOtherParticles
- 1.6.A Photons..............................
- 2 Interaction of Radiation with Matter
- 2.1 SomeBasicConceptsandTerminologies
- 2.1.A InverseSquareLaw........................
- 2.1.B CrossSection
- 2.1.C MeanFreePath
- 2.1.D RadiationLength.........................
- 2.1.E ConservationLaws........................
- E.1 ConservationofEnergy
- E.2 ConservationofMomentum..................
- E.3 ConservationofElectricalCharge...............
- 2.2 TypesofParticleInteractions
- 2.2.A ElasticScattering.........................
- 2.2.B InelasticScattering........................
- 2.2.C Annihilation
- 2.2.D Bremsstrahlung..........................
- 2.2.E CherenkovRadiation.......................
- 2.3 InteractionofPhotonswithMatter...................
- 2.3.A InteractionMechanisms
- A.1 PhotoelectricEffect
- A.2 ComptonScattering
- A.3 ThompsonScattering
- A.4 RayleighScattering
- A.5 PairProduction
- 2.3.B PassageofPhotonsthroughMatter
- B.1 MeasuringAttenuationCoefficient
- B.2 Mixtures and Compounds
- B.3 StackedMaterials
- 2.3.A InteractionMechanisms
- 2.4 Interaction of Heavy Charged Particles with Matter
- 2.4.A RutherfordScattering
- 2.4.B Passage of Charged Particles through Matter
- 2.4.C BraggCurve
- 2.4.D EnergyStraggling
- 2.4.E RangeandRangeStraggling
- E.1 Range ofα-Particles
- E.2 RangeofProtons........................
- 2.5 InteractionofElectronswithMatter
- 2.5.A InteractionModes
- A.1 Ionization............................
- A.2 MoellerScattering
- A.3 BhabhaScattering
- A.4 Electron-PositronAnnihilation
- A.5 Bremsstrahlung.........................
- A.6 CherenkovRadiation......................
- 2.5.B PassageofElectronsthroughMatter..............
- 2.5.C EnergyStraggling
- 2.5.D RangeofElectrons........................
- 2.5.A InteractionModes
- 2.6 InteractionofNeutralParticleswithMatter..............
- 2.6.A Neutrons
- A.1 ElasticScattering........................
- A.2 InelasticScattering.......................
- A.3 Transmutation
- A.4 RadiativeCapture
- A.5 Spallation............................
- A.6 Fission..............................
- A.7 TotalCrossSection
- A.8 PassageofNeutronsthroughMatter
- 2.6.A Neutrons
- 2.7 Problems
- 2.1 SomeBasicConceptsandTerminologies
- 3 Gas Filled Detectors
- 3.1 ProductionofElectron-IonPairs
- 3.2 DiffusionandDriftofChargesinGases
- 3.2.A DiffusionintheAbsenceofElectricField
- A.1 DiffusioninthePresenceofElectricField
- 3.2.B DriftofChargesinElectricField................
- B.1 DriftofIons...........................
- B.2 DriftofElectrons........................
- 3.2.C EffectsofImpuritiesonChargeTransport...........
- 3.2.A DiffusionintheAbsenceofElectricField
- 3.3 Regions of Operation of Gas Filled Detectors
- 3.3.A RecombinationRegion......................
- 3.3.B IonChamberRegion.......................
- 3.3.C ProportionalRegion
- C.1 AvalancheMultiplication
- 3.3.D RegionofLimitedProportionality
- 3.3.E Geiger-MuellerRegion......................
- E.1 Breakdown
- 3.3.F ContinuousDischarge
- 3.4 IonizationChambers...........................
- 3.4.A CurrentVoltageCharacteristics.................
- 3.4.B MechanicalDesign
- B.1 ParallelPlateGeometry....................
- B.2 CylindricalGeometry
- 3.4.C ChoiceofGas...........................
- 3.4.D SpecialTypesofIonChambers.................
- D.1 ParallelPlateFrischGridChamber
- D.2 Boron-linedIonChamber
- D.3 CompensatedIonChamber
- 3.4.E ApplicationsofIonChambers..................
- 3.4.F AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofIonChambers
- 3.5 ProportionalCounters
- 3.5.A MultiplicationFactor.......................
- 3.5.B ChoiceofGas...........................
- B.1 Threshold for Avalanche Multiplication
- B.2 Quenching............................
- B.3 GasGain
- 3.5.C SpecialTypesofProportionalCounters
- C.1 BF 3 ProportionalCounter...................
- C.2 HeliumProportionalCounters
- C.3 Multi-WireProportionalCounters
- 3.6 Geiger-MuellerCounters.........................
- 3.6.A Current-VoltageCharacteristics.................
- 3.6.B DeadTime
- 3.6.C ChoiceofGas...........................
- 3.6.D Quenching.............................
- D.1 InternalQuenching.......................
- D.2 ExternalQuenching
- 3.6.E Advantages and Disadvantages of GM Counters
- 3.7 SourcesofErrorinGaseousDetectors
- 3.7.A RecombinationLosses
- 3.7.B EffectsofContaminants
- B.1 RadiativeCapture
- B.2 DissociativeCapture......................
- B.3 CapturewithoutDissociation.................
- 3.7.C EffectsofSpaceChargeBuildup
- 3.8 DetectorEfficiency
- 3.8.A Signal-to-NoiseRatio.......................
- 4 Liquid Filled Detectors
- 4.1 PropertiesofLiquids...........................
- 4.1.A Charge Pair Generation and Recombination
- 4.1.B DriftofCharges
- B.1 DriftofElectrons........................
- B.2 DriftofIons...........................
- 4.2 LiquidIonizationChamber
- 4.2.A Applications of Liquid Filled Ion Chambers
- 4.3 LiquidProportionalCounters
- 4.3.A ChargeMultiplication
- 4.4 CommonlyUsedLiquidDetectionMedia................
- 4.5 Sources of Error in Liquid Filled Ionizing Detectors
- 4.5.A Recombination
- 4.5.B Parasitic Electron Capture and Trapping
- 4.6 CherenkovDetectors
- 4.7 Bubble Chamber
- 4.8 Liquid Scintillator Detectors
- 4.1 PropertiesofLiquids...........................
- 5 Solid State Detectors
- 5.1 Semiconductor Detectors
- 5.1.A Structure of Semiconductors
- 5.1.B ChargeCarriersDistribution
- 5.1.C Intrinsic, Compensated, and Extrinsic Semiconductors
- 5.1.D Doping
- D.1 Doping with Acceptor Impurity
- D.2 DopingwithDonorImpurity
- 5.1.E Mechanism and Statistics of Electron-Hole Pair Production
- E.1 IntrinsicEnergyResolution
- E.2 Recombination
- 5.1.F Charge Conductivity
- F.1 DriftofElectronsandHoles..................
- 5.1.G Materials Suitable for Radiation Detection
- G.1 Silicon (Si)
- G.2 Germanium (Ge)........................
- G.3 Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)
- G.4 Cadmium-Zinc-Tellurium (CdZnTe).............
- 5.1.H Thepn-Junction
- H.1 CharacteristicsofaReverse-Biasedpn-Diode
- H.2 SignalGeneration
- H.3 FrequencyResponse
- 5.1.I ModesofOperationofapn-Diode
- I.1 PhotovoltaicMode.......................
- I.2 Photoconductive Mode
- 5.1.J DesirableProperties
- J.1 HighRadiationFields
- J.2 LowRadiationFields
- 5.1.K Specific Semiconductor Detectors
- K.1 PINDiode
- K.2 SchottkyDiode.........................
- K.3 HeterojunctionDiode
- K.4 AvalanchePhotodiode.....................
- K.5 SurfaceBarrierDetector....................
- K.6 PositionSensitiveDetectors..................
- 5.1.L Radiation Damage in Semiconductors
- L.1 DamageMechanismandNIELScaling............
- L.2 LeakageCurrent
- L.3 TypeInversion
- L.4 DepletionVoltage
- L.5 ChargeTrappingandCarrierLifetime
- L.6 Annealing............................
- 5.2 DiamondDetectors............................
- 5.2.A ChargePairProduction
- 5.2.B Recombination
- 5.2.C DriftofChargePairs.......................
- 5.2.D LeakageCurrent
- 5.2.E DetectorDesign
- 5.2.F RadiationHardness
- 5.2.G Applications
- 5.3 ThermoluminescentDetectors......................
- 5.3.A PrincipleofThermoluminescence................
- 5.1 Semiconductor Detectors
- 6 Scintillation Detectors and Photodetectors
- 6.1 Scintillation Mechanism and Scintillator Properties
- 6.1.A Basic Scintillation Mechanism
- 6.1.B LightYield
- 6.1.C RiseandDecayTimes......................
- 6.1.D Quenching.............................
- D.1 SelfQuenching
- D.2 ImpurityQuenching
- D.3 ThermalQuenching
- D.4 EnergyQuenching
- 6.1.E DensityandAtomicWeight...................
- 6.1.F Mechanical Properties and Stability
- 6.1.G OpticalProperties
- 6.1.H PhosphorescenceorAfterglow..................
- 6.1.I TemperatureDependence
- 6.1.J RadiationDamage
- 6.1.K Scintillation Efficiency
- 6.2 Organic Scintillators
- 6.2.A Scintillation Mechanism
- 6.2.B Plastic Scintillators
- 6.2.C Liquid Scintillators
- 6.2.D Crystalline Scintillators
- D.1 Anthracene (C 14 H 10 )......................
- D.2 P-Terphenyl (C 18 C 14 )
- D.3 Stilbene (C 14 H 12 )
- 6.3 Inorganic Scintillators
- 6.3.A Scintillation Mechanism
- A.1 ExcitonLuminescence
- A.2 DopantLuminescence
- A.3 CoreValenceBandLuminescence...............
- 6.3.B RadiationDamage
- 6.3.C Some Common Inorganic Scintillators
- C.1 Thallium Doped Sodium Iodide (NaI:Tl)
- C.2 Sodium Doped Cesium Iodide (CsI:Na)...........
- C.3 Thallium Doped Cesium Iodide (CsI:Tl)
- C.4 Bismuth Germanate (BGO)..................
- C.5 Cadmium Tungstate (CWO)
- C.6 Lead Tungstate (PWO)
- C.7 Cerium Doped Gadolinium Silicate (GSO)
- C.8 Cerium Doped Lutetium Aluminum Garnet (LuAG:Ce)
- C.9 Cerium Doped Yttrium Aluminum Perovskite (YAP:Ce)
- C.10LiquidXenon..........................
- 6.3.A Scintillation Mechanism
- 6.4 Transfer of Scintillation Photons
- 6.4.A TypesofLightGuides......................
- A.1 SimpleReflectionType
- A.2 TotalInternalReflectionType
- A.3 HybridLightGuides......................
- 6.4.A TypesofLightGuides......................
- 6.5 Photodetectors
- 6.5.A PhotomultiplierTubes......................
- A.1 Photocathode..........................
- A.2 ElectronFocusingStructure..................
- A.3 ElectronMultiplicationStructure...............
- A.4 VoltageDividerCircuit
- A.5 ElectronCollection.......................
- A.6 SignalReadout.........................
- A.7 Enclosure
- A.8 Efficiency
- A.9 Sensitivity............................
- A.10Gain...............................
- A.11SpatialUniformity
- A.12TimeResponse.........................
- A.13FrequencyResponse
- A.14EnergyResolution
- A.15ModesofOperation
- A.16NoiseConsiderations......................
- A.17NoiseinAnalogMode
- A.18NoiseinDigitalMode
- A.19EffectofMagneticField....................
- 6.5.B PhotodiodeDetectors
- 6.5.C AvalanchePhotodiodeDetectors(APD)............
- C.1 BasicDesirableCharacteristics
- C.2 MultiplicationProcessandGainFluctuations........
- C.3 QuantumEfficiencyandResponsivity
- C.4 ModesofOperation
- C.5 NoiseConsiderations......................
- C.6 RadiationDamage
- 6.5.A PhotomultiplierTubes......................
- 7 Position Sensitive Detection and Imaging
- 7.1 Some Important Terminologies and Quantities
- 7.1.A SpatialResolution
- A.1 Crosstalk
- A.2 AliasingandAntialiasing
- A.3 Point Spread Function (PSF)
- A.4 Line Spread Function (LSF)
- A.5 Edge Spread Function (ESF).................
- A.6 Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)............
- 7.1.B Efficiency
- B.1 QuantumEfficiency
- B.2 Spatial Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE(f))
- 7.1.C Sensitivity.............................
- 7.1.D DynamicRange..........................
- 7.1.E Uniformity
- 7.1.F TemporalLinearity........................
- 7.1.G Noise and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (S/N).............
- 7.1.A SpatialResolution
- 7.2 PositionSensitiveDetection.......................
- 7.2.A TypesofPositionSensitiveDetectors..............
- A.1 ArrayDevices..........................
- A.2 ScanningDevices........................
- A.3 TimingDevices.........................
- 7.2.B Multiwire Proportional Chambers (MWPCs)
- 7.2.C MultiwireDriftChamber
- 7.2.D MicrostripGasChambers
- 7.2.E Semiconductor Microstrip Detectors (SMSDs)
- 7.2.A TypesofPositionSensitiveDetectors..............
- 7.3 ImagingDevices
- 7.3.A ConventionalImaging
- A.1 X-rayPhotographicFilms...................
- A.2 ThermoluminescentDetectorArrays
- 7.3.B ElectronicsImaging
- 7.3.C ChargedCoupledDevices
- 7.3.D DirectImaging
- D.1 PropertiesofaDirectImagingCCD
- D.2 DisadvantagesofDirectImaging
- 7.3.E IndirectImaging
- 7.3.F MicrostripandMultiwireDetectors
- 7.3.G Scintillating Fiber Detectors
- 7.3.A ConventionalImaging
- 7.1 Some Important Terminologies and Quantities
- 8 Signal Processing
- 8.1 Preamplification
- 8.1.A VoltageSensitivePreamplifier..................
- 8.1.B CurrentSensitivePreamplifier
- 8.1.C ChargeSensitivePreamplifier..................
- C.1 ResistiveFeedbackMechanism
- C.2 PulsedResetMechanism
- 8.2 SignalTransport
- 8.2.A TypeofCable
- A.1 CoaxialCable..........................
- A.2 TwistedPairCable.......................
- A.3 FlatRibbonCable
- 8.2.A TypeofCable
- 8.3 PulseShaping...............................
- 8.3.A DelayLinePulseShaping
- 8.3.B CR-RCPulseShaping
- B.1 Pole-ZeroCancellation.....................
- B.2 BaselineShiftMinimization..................
- 8.3.C Semi-GaussianPulseShaping..................
- 8.3.D Semi-TriangularPulseShaping
- 8.4 Filtering..................................
- 8.4.A LowPassFilter..........................
- 8.4.B HighPassFilter
- 8.4.C BandPassFilter
- 8.5 Amplification
- 8.6 Discrimination
- 8.6.A PulseCounting..........................
- A.1 SingleChannelAnalyzer(SCA)................
- A.2 MultiChannelAnalyzer(MCA)
- 8.6.A PulseCounting..........................
- 8.7 AnalogtoDigitalConversion
- 8.7.A A/D-ConversionRelatedParameters..............
- A.1 ConversionTime........................
- A.2 DeadTime
- A.3 Resolution............................
- A.4 Nonlinearity...........................
- A.5 Stability
- 8.7.B A/DConversionMethods
- B.1 DigitalRampADC.......................
- B.2 SuccessiveApproximationADC................
- B.3 TrackingADC
- B.4 WilkinsonADC.........................
- B.5 FlashADC
- 8.7.C HybridADCs...........................
- 8.7.A A/D-ConversionRelatedParameters..............
- 8.8 DigitalSignalProcessing.........................
- 8.8.A DigitalFilters...........................
- 8.9 ElectronicsNoise
- 8.9.A TypesofElectronicsNoise....................
- A.1 JohnsonNoise
- A.2 ShotNoise
- A.3 1/fNoise
- A.4 QuantizationNoise.......................
- 8.9.B NoiseinSpecificComponents..................
- B.1 NoiseinAmplifiers.......................
- B.2 NoiseinADCs
- 8.9.C MeasuringSystemNoise.....................
- 8.9.D NoiseReductionTechniques...................
- D.1 DetectorSignal.........................
- D.2 FrequencyFilters........................
- 8.9.A TypesofElectronicsNoise....................
- 8.1 Preamplification
- 9 Essential Statistics for Data Analysis
- 9.1 MeasuresofCentrality..........................
- 9.2 MeasureofDispersion
- 9.3 Probability
- 9.3.A FrequentistApproach
- 9.3.B BayesianApproach........................
- 9.3.C Probability Density Function
- C.1 QuantitiesDerivablefromaP.D.F
- C.2 MaximumLikelihoodMethod.................
- 9.3.D SomeCommonDistributionFunctions.............
- D.1 BinomialDistribution
- D.2 PoissonDistribution
- D.3 NormalorGaussianDistribution
- D.4 Chi-Square (χ^2 )Distribution
- D.5 Student’stDistribution
- D.6 GammaDistribution......................
- 9.4 Confidence Intervals
- 9.5 MeasurementUncertainty
- 9.5.A SystematicErrors
- 9.5.B RandomErrors..........................
- 9.5.C Error Propagation
- C.1 AdditionofParameters
- C.2 MultiplicationofParameters
- 9.5.D PresentationofResults
- 9.6 Confidence Tests
- 9.6.A Chi-Square (χ^2 )Test.......................
- 9.6.B Student’stTest..........................
- 9.7 Regression.................................
- 9.7.A SimpleLinearRegression
- 9.7.B NonlinearRegression.......................
- 9.8 Correlation
- 9.8.A PearsonrorSimpleLinearCorrelation
- 9.9 TimeSeriesAnalysis...........................
- 9.9.A Smoothing
- 9.10FrequencyDomainAnalysis.......................
- 9.11CountingStatistics............................
- 9.11.A Measurement Precision and Detection Limits
- 10 Software for Data Analysis
- 10.1StandardAnalysisPackages
- 10.1.AROOT...............................
- A.1 Availability
- A.2 Data Handling, Organization, and Storage
- A.3 Data Analysis Capabilities
- A.4 Graphics Capabilities
- A.5 UsingROOT
- A.6 Examples
- 10.1.B Origin
- B.1 Data Import Capabilities
- B.2 Graphics Capabilities
- B.3 Data Analysis Capabilities
- B.4 ProgrammingEnvironment
- B.5 Examples
- 10.1.C MATLAB
- C.1 Toolboxes............................
- C.2 Data Acquisition and Import Capabilities
- C.3 Data Analysis Capabilities
- C.4 Visualization Capabilities
- C.5 ProgrammingEnvironment
- C.6 Examples
- 10.1.AROOT...............................
- 10.2Custom-MadeDataAnalysisPackages
- 10.2.ADataImport/ExportRoutines
- 10.2.BDataAnalysisRoutines
- 10.2.CCodeGeneration
- 10.2.DResultDisplay
- 10.1StandardAnalysisPackages
- 11 Dosimetry and Radiation Protection
- 11.1ImportanceofDosimetry
- 11.1.ADoseandDoseRate
- 11.2QuantitiesRelatedtoDosimetry
- 11.2.ARadiationExposureandDose..................
- A.1 Roentgen (R)..........................
- A.2 AbsorbedDose
- A.3 EquivalentDose
- A.4 EffectiveDose
- 11.2.BFluxorFluenceRate
- 11.2.CIntegratedFluxorFluence
- 11.2.D Exposure and Absorbed Dose - Mathematical Definitions
- 11.2.EKerma,Cema,andTerma....................
- E.1 Kerma..............................
- E.2 Cema
- E.3 Terma..............................
- 11.2.FMeasuringKermaandExposure
- 11.2.GCavityTheories..........................
- G.1 Bragg-Gray Cavity Theory
- G.2 Spencer-AttixCavityTheory
- 11.2.HLETandRBE..........................
- 11.2.I BeamSize.............................
- 11.2.J InternalDose
- J.1 InternalDosefromChargedParticles
- J.2 InternalDosefromThermalNeutrons
- 11.2.ARadiationExposureandDose..................
- 11.3PassiveDosimetry
- 11.3.AThermoluminescentDosimetry
- A.1 WorkingPrincipleandGlowCurve..............
- A.2 CommonTLMaterials.....................
- A.3 AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofTLDosimeters......
- 11.3.BOpticallyStimulatedLuminescenceDosimetry
- B.1 WorkingPrincipleandOSLCurve
- B.2 CommonOSLMaterials....................
- 11.3.CFilmDosimetry..........................
- C.1 AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofFilmDosimeters
- C.2 CommonRadiochromaticMaterials
- 11.3.DTrackEtchDosimetry
- D.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Track Etch Dosimeters
- 11.3.AThermoluminescentDosimetry
- 11.4ActiveDosimetry.............................
- 11.4.AIonChamberDosimetry.....................
- A.1 FreeinAirIonChamberDosimetry
- A.2 CavityIonChamberDosimetry................
- 11.4.BSolidStateDosimetry
- B.1 MOSFETDosimeter......................
- B.2 DiamondDosimeter
- 11.4.C Plastic Scintillator Dosimeter
- 11.4.DQuartzFiberElectroscope....................
- D.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Quartz Fiber Electroscope
- 11.4.AIonChamberDosimetry.....................
- 11.5Microdosimetry..............................
- 11.5.AMicrodosimetricQuantities
- A.1 LinearEnergyTransferandDose...............
- A.2 SpecificEnergy.........................
- A.3 LinealEnergy..........................
- 11.5.BExperimentalTechniques
- B.1 Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter (TEPC)
- B.2 Solid State Nuclear Track Detector ((SSNTD)
- B.3 Silicon Microdosimeter
- 11.6BiologicalEffectsofRadiation......................
- 11.6.AAcuteandChronicRadiationExposure
- A.1 AcuteExposure
- A.2 ChronicExposure
- 11.6.BEffectsandSymptomsofExposure...............
- B.1 SomaticEffectsofRadiation
- B.2 GeneticEffectsofRadiation..................
- 11.6.CExposureLimits
- 11.6.AAcuteandChronicRadiationExposure
- 11.7RadiationProtection...........................
- 11.7.AExposureReduction
- A.1 Time...............................
- A.2 Distance.............................
- A.3 Shielding
- 11.7.AExposureReduction
- 11.5.AMicrodosimetricQuantities
- 12 Radiation Spectroscopy
- 12.1SpectroscopyofPhotons.........................
- 12.1.Aγ-RaySpectroscopy
- 12.1.BCalibration
- 12.1.CX-raySpectroscopy........................
- C.1 X-rayAbsorptionSpectroscopy................
- C.2 X-rayPhotoelectronSpectroscopy(XPS)
- C.3 X-rayDiffractionSpectroscopy(XDS)
- 12.2SpectroscopyofChargedParticles
- 12.2.Aα-ParticleSpectroscopy
- A.1 Energy of an Unknownα-Source
- A.2 Range and Stopping Power ofα-particles in a Gas
- A.3 Activity of anαSource
- 12.2.BElectronSpectroscopy
- 12.2.Aα-ParticleSpectroscopy
- 12.3NeutronSpectroscopy
- 12.3.ANeutronsasMatterProbes
- 12.3.BNeutronSpectrometryTechniques
- B.1 Triple-AxisSpectrometry(TAS)
- B.2 High Flux Backscattering Spectrometer (HFBS)
- B.3 FilterAnalyzerSpectrometer(FAS)
- B.4 DiskChopperSpectrometer..................
- B.5 FermiChopperSpectrometer(FCS)
- B.6 SpinEchoSpectrometer....................
- 12.4MassSpectroscopy
- 12.5TimeSpectroscopy
- 12.1SpectroscopyofPhotons.........................
- 13 Data Acquisition Systems
- 13.1DataAcquisitionChain
- 13.1.APulseCounting..........................
- A.1 SlowPulseCounting......................
- A.2 FastPulseCounting
- 13.1.BEnergySpectroscopy.......................
- 13.1.CTimeSpectroscopy........................
- 13.1.DCoincidenceSpectroscopy
- 13.1.APulseCounting..........................
- 13.2ModularInstruments...........................
- 13.2.ANIMStandard
- A.1 NIMLayout...........................
- A.2 NIMModules..........................
- A.3 NIMLogic
- A.4 SignalTransport
- 13.2.BCAMACStandard
- B.1 CAMACLayout
- B.2 CAMACControllers
- B.3 CAMACLogic
- 13.2.CVMEStandard..........................
- C.1 VMELayout
- C.2 VMEBackplane
- C.3 VMEModules
- C.4 VMELogic
- 13.2.DFASTBUSStandard
- D.1 FASTBUSLayout
- D.2 FASTBUSBackplane
- 13.2.ANIMStandard
- 13.3PCBasedSystems
- 13.3.APCIBoards............................
- 13.3.BPCSerialPortModules
- 13.3.CPCParallelPortModules
- 13.3.DUSBBasedModules
- 13.3.ETCP/IPBasedSystems
- 13.1DataAcquisitionChain
- Appendices
- A Essential Electronic Measuring Devices
- A.1 Multimeters................................
- A.1.A MeasuringVoltageandCurrent.................
- A.1.B AnalogMultimeter(AMM)
- A.1.C DigitalMultimeter(DMM)
- A.1.D MeasuringVoltage
- A.1.E MeasuringCurrent........................
- A.2 Oscilloscope
- A.2.A Analog Oscilloscope
- A.1 Attenuator
- A.2 ElectronGun..........................
- A.3 ElectronBeamDeflectionSystems
- A.4 TriggerSystem
- A.2.B Digital Oscilloscopes
- A.2.C SignalProbes...........................
- C.1 PassiveProbes
- A.2.A Analog Oscilloscope
- A.1 Multimeters................................
martin jones
(Martin Jones)
#1