500 INDEX
potassium ion channels and, 211, 217f,
221, 223, 224, 230
van der Waals forces, 37–38, 163, 167,
211, 299, 316 –317, 320, 371, 425
Vanadium (V), 2, 11t, 14, 19
Vector quantity, 85, 88–89, 98–101, 99f,
101f, 113, 122
Vibrational spectroscopy, 163, 172, 177,
179
cytochrome c oxidase, 433f, 435, 436f,
437
Vinblastine, 311–313, 311f
Visualization software:
Chime, 35, 181–182
ISIS/Draw, 181–182
projected images, 183
Protein Explorer, 182
RasMol, 182
Vitamin B 12 , 6t, 22, 44
Vmax, 45–47, 46f
Voltage-gated channels, see also
potassium ion channels, 199, 205,
206–207t, 209, 215, 235
Water:
aconitase and, 454–456
Ca2+-ATPase crystal structure and,
97, 331, 332f, 335–337
cytochrome bc 1 crystal structure and,
169–170, 396–397, 399, 402–405,
408–410
cytochrome b(6)f and, 387
cytochrome c structure and, 408–412,
409f, 413 – 417
cytochrome c oxidase and, 425, 429–
432, 433f, 442f, 445
cytochrome P450 and, 361, 262, 363–
365, 365f, 368, 371–373
exchange, aqua ions, 10 –12, 11t
group I intron ribozyme structure
and, 248, 251–252
hemoglobin/myoglobin structure and,
346, 350, 351
methane monooxygenase and, 460
potassium ion channel structure and,
209–212, 222, 225–228, 234
stopped-fl ow kinetics and, 143 –14 4
Watson-Crick base pairing, 47, 49,
50f
ribozymes and, 240f, 244, 254, 263,
285–286, 293, 297
Wild-type genes, 43, 220, 224
ribozymes and, 251, 273, 275, 277,
283
World Wide Web, as infor mation
resource, 181–185
computer software downloads, 160,
175, 176, 181–182, 185
literature, 183 –185
materials, 183 –184
online societies, 183–184X-ray absorption near-edge structure
(XANES), 79
X-ray absorption spectroscopy, (XAS,
EXAFS), 76, 78–83, 446t,
448t
applications, generally, 78–79
characteristics of, 78–81
descriptive examples, 81–83
X-ray crystallography, 83–95
aconitase structure and, 451–456,
455f, 457f
applications, generally, 83–84
Ca2+-ATPase structure and, 96 –97,
328f, 329–337
calmodulin structure and, 97, 303–
308, 303f, 305f, 307f, 309t, 311–
312, 312f, 313–326, 318f
characteristics of, 88–95
crystal habits, 84–88
cytochrome bc 1 structure and, 390–
393, 391t, 395, 406f
cytochrome b(6)f structure and, 383,
385f, 386–387
cytochrome c structure and, 402,
408–412, 409, 413–417, 420–421,
421f
cytochrome c oxidase structure and,
427–429, 432, 432f, 434–435, 437–
439, 440f, 441f, 445, 449
cytochrome P450 structure and, 363,
364f, 369–372, 370f
descriptive examples, 95–98
electron density, 91–94, 96–97
Ewald sphere, 85, 85f, 88, 89f
hemoglobin structure and, 83, 344–
345, 351t, 352t, 353