Graham, Steve, Karen Harris, and Michael A. Hebert. 2011. Informing Writing: The Benefits of
Formative Assessment. A Carnegie Corporation Time to Act Report. Washington, DC: Alliance for
Excellent Education.Graham, Steve, Alisha Bollinger, Carol Booth Olson, Catherine D’Aoust, Charles MacArthur, Deborah
McCutchen, and Natalie Olinghouse. 2012. Teaching Elementary School Students to be Effective
Writers: A Practice Guide (NCEE 2012-4058). Washington, DC: National Center for Education
Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of
Education. http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/pdf/practice_guides/writing_pg_062612.pdf (accessed
March 16, 2015).
Guthrie, John T., Allan Wigfield, Jamie L. Metsala, and Kathleen E. Cox. 1999. “Motivational and
Cognitive Predictors of Text Comprehension and Reading Amount.” Scientific Studies of Reading
3 (3): 231–256.
Guthrie, John T., Allan Wigfield, and Clare VonSecker. 2000. “Effects of Integrated Instruction on
Motivation and Strategy Use in Reading.” Journal of Psychology 92 (2): 331–341.
Hall, Leigh A. 2012. “Moving Out of Silence: Helping Struggling Readers Find Their Voices in Text-
Based Discussions.” Reading & Writing Quarterly 28: 307–332.
Hasbrouk, Jan, and Gerald A. Tindal. 2006. “Oral Reading Fluency Norms: A Valuable Assessment Tool
for Reading Teachers.” The Reading Teacher 57: 646–655.
Hudson, Roxanne. 2011. “Fluency Problems: When, Why, and How to Intervene.” In Handbook of
Reading Interventions, edited by Rollanda E. O’Connor and Patricia F. Vadasy, 169–197. New
York: Guilford.
Kamil, Michael L., Geoffrey D. Borman, Janice Dole, Cathleen C. Kral, Terry Salinger, and Joseph
Torgesen. 2008. Improving Adolescent Literacy: Effective Classroom and Intervention Practices
(NCEE 2008-4027). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional
Assistance, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. http://ies.ed.gov/
ncee/wwc/pdf/practice_guides/adlit_pg_082608.pdf (accessed March 16, 2015).
Lee, Carol D., and Anika Spratley. 2010. Reading in the Disciplines: The Challenges of Adolescent
Literacy. New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York.
Lin, Grace. 2009. Where the Mountain Meets the Moon. New York: Little, Brown and Company.
Lindholm-Leary, Kathryn, and Fred Genesee. 2010. “Alternative Educational Programs for English
Language Learners.” Improving Education for English Learners: Research-Based Approaches.
Sacramento, CA: California Department of Education.
McEwan. Elaine K. n.d. “Root Words, Roots and Affixes.” Reading Rockets. http://www.readingrockets.
org/article/40406 (accessed March 16, 2016).
McKeown, Margaret G., and Isabel L. Beck. 2011. “Making Vocabulary Interventions Engaging and
Effective.” In Handbook of Reading Interventions, edited by Rollanda E. O’Connor and Patricia F.
Vadasy, 138–168. New York: Guilford.
Moschkovich, Judit N. 1999. “Supporting the Participation of English Language Learners in
Mathematical Discussions.” For the Learning of Mathematics 19 (1): 11–19.
———. 2012. Mathematics, the Common Core, and Language: Recommendations for Mathematics
Instruction for ELs Aligned with the Common Core. Stanford, CA: Stanford School of Education.
http://ell.stanford.edu/publication/mathematics-common-core-and-language (accessed March
16, 2015).
National Geographic Society. n.d. “Freshwater Threats.” National Geographic. http://environment.
nationalgeographic.com/environment/habitats/freshwater-threats/ (accessed April 1, 2014).
500 | Chapter 5 Grades 4 and 5