Muhammad, the Qur'an and Islam
"Muhammad," p. 368, also points out that the Ebionites and Elkesaites also
prayed facing Jerusalem, and thus that this borrowing may have been from
them.
[30] Buhl, Muhammeds, p. 215; SEI, p. 492.
[31] Although some discount the influence of the Jews in these matters
(e.g. SEI, p. 316) it can hardly be a coincidence that the Jews are mentioned
in this passage (16:119), which is generally recognized as being one of the
earliest regarding dietary regulations. Cf. also Speyer, Erzählungen, p. 320.
The New Testament restrictions (Acts 15:20f), which are similar to those
given in Qur'an 16:115f, were essentially given out of respect for Jewish
practice. Although Acts 15:20f does not forbid pork, Ethiopian Christians
usually do not eat it. It also does not appear that the pagan Arabs ate pork
either; Crone, Trade, p. 190, n. 104.
[32] Buhl, Muhammeds, p. 204, SEI, p. 398.
[33] Guillaume, "The Influence of Judaism on Islam," The Legacy of
Israel, pp. 155 f.
[34] Nöldeke and Schwally, GQ, vol. 1, p. 179, n. 1; Buhl, Muhammeds,
pp. 212 f; Bell, Origins, p. 127; Andrae, Mohammed, pp. 136 f; Watt,
Muhammad, pp. 98 f.
[35] Qur'an 2, which for the most part is thought to have been composed
in 2 AH, is generally considered to have been the first Medinan sura;
Suyuti, El-Itkan, vol. 1, pp. 1 f; Nöldeke and Schwally, GQ, vol. 1, p. 173;
EI², s.v. "Kur'an," pp. 416 f. Nöldeke and Schwally suggest that earlier
Medinan suras may have been lost.
[36] Suyuti, El-Itkan, vol. 1, pp. 1 f.
[37] Nöldeke and Schwally, GQ, vol. 2, pp. 79 f; cf. also Sunan Abu
Dawud, vol. 1, p. 202.
[38] Nöldeke and Schwally, GQ, vol. 2, pp. 68 f; EI², s.v. "Kur'an," p. 414.