Muhammad, the Qur'an and Islam
[113] See Appendix D, pp. 385 f.
[114] See n. 43, above.
[115] Sahih Muslim, vol. 4, p. 1280.
[116] Islamic datings for the change of the qibla range from 9-19 months
after the Hijra; see Nöldeke and Schwally, GQ, p. 174, n. 1, for a listing of
Islamic sources.
[117] Sahih Bukhari, vol. 4, p. 427; Sahih Muslim, vol. 1, p. 275.
[118] Sunan Abu Dawud, vol. 1, p. 167.
[119] Sahih Bukhari, vol. 4, p. 440; Sahih Muslim, vol. 4, p. 1403. Cf.
Qur'an 57:15.
[120] Sahih Bukhari, vol. 4, p. 442; vol. 7, p. 519; Sahih Muslim, vol. 3,
p. 1156.
[121] Sahih Bukhari, vol. 2, p. 1; vol. 4, p. 457.
[122] Islamic sources usually describe this event as having taken place
soon after the construction of the "mosque" in Medina; Sahih Muslim,
vol. 1, p. 207; Guillaume, Muhammad, pp. 235 f; Ibn Sa`d, Classes, vol. 1,
2, pp. 290 f. Contrary to Islamic claims, the present text of the "adhan" (cf.
SEI, p. 16) does not seem to predate 690 AD in archaeological finds; cf.
Nevo, "Prehistory," JSAI, vol. 17 (1994), p. 110.
[123] Sahih Bukhari, vol. 6, p. 21.
[124] Tabari, History, vol. 7, pp. 25 f; Sahih Bukhari, vol. 3, p. 124; Sahih
Muslim, vol. 2, pp. 548 f.
[125] Goitein is cited in SEI, pp. 468 f, as showing that Jewish traditions
maintain that Moses received the second stone tablets on the Day of
Atonement. According to Qur'an 2:181, the fast of Ramadan was instituted
because the Qur'an was "sent down" in that month. Based on Qur'an 2:180a
("numbered days") and the practices of the Jews 10 days prior to the Day of