Muhammad, the Qur'an and Islam
[45] Guillaume, Islam, pp. 16 f.
[46] Ibid., p. 19.
[47] Savas, John of Damascus, p. 19.
[48] cf. Nau in ECMD, pp. 12 f, 19 f.
[49] Andrae, Ursprung, pp. 10 f, updated by EI², s.v. "Dhu Nuwas." This
event of Christian martyrdom is thought by many western scholars to have
been alluded to in Qur'an 85:4-7; See Ahrens, "Christliches," ZDMG,
vol. 84 (1930), pp. 148 f.
[50] Andrae, Ursprung, p. 13; EI², s.v. "Dhu Nuwas."
[51] Tabari, History, vol. 2, p. 269; Guillaume, Muhammad, p. 20.
[52] Tabari, History, vol. 2, p. 270; Guillaume, Muhammad, p. 21;
Andrae, Ursprung, p. 13.
[53] Tabari, History, vol. 2, pp. 271 f; Nöldeke, Perser, pp. 205 f; Guil-
laume, Muhammad, pp. 21 f; Andrae, Ursprung, p. 13.
[54] Tabari, History, vol. 2, pp. 273 f; Guillaume, Muhammad, p. 23.
[55] Guillaume, Muhammad, p. 23.
[56] This event is mentioned in Qur'an 105; cf. Tabari, History, vol. 2,
p. 277; Guillaume, Muhammad, p. 26 f; Buhl, Muhammeds, p. 12.
[57] The events surrounding Abraha's campaign to Mecca are placed in
the year 570 AD by Muslims, as this is generally thought to be the year of
Muhammad's birth. However, Buhl, (Muhammeds, pp. 12 f) shows that
Nöldeke thought Abraha's offensive to be a part of the larger Byz-
antine-Persian war which began in 540 AD (cf. Crone, Trade, pp. 142 f).
Buhl, moreover, shows that Abraha and two sons after him reigned in
Yemen (cf. Tabari, History, vol. 2, pp. 282 f; Guillaume, Muhammad,