Muhammad, the Qur'an and Islam
[183] Cf. Qur'an 92:18; 80:1-7; Andrae, Ursprung, pp. 181 f; Mohammed,
p. 89. For similar Jewish doctrines, see Cook, Muhammad, pp. 78 f, 92.
[184] See nn. 56, 63, 74, 82, 83, 119, 125 and 130, above.
[185] This similarity was first noticed by Ahrens in "Christliches,"
ZDMG, 84 (1930), p. 55, who found the text of this letter in
"Verhandlungen der Kirchenversammlung zu Ephesus, 22 Aug. 449 (AD),"
trans. by Dr. Georg Hoffmann (Kiel, 1873), p. 80. The text as presented
here was translated from the German.
[186] Many of the Qur'an references provided by Ahrens in "Christliches,"
ZDMG, 84 (1930), p. 55, have been changed to correspond with early
Qur'an passages which present basically the same material. Ahrens often
used later sura references for comparison.
[187] See nn. 30, 79, 82 and 87.
[188] See nn. 32 and 33, above. By far the most Qur'an passages which
seem to be based on the works of Ephraem the Syrian fall in the first
Meccan period (Cf. Appendix F, pp. 409 f), and this may indicate that at
least one of Muhammad's sources was an educated Christian, such as Quss
may have been.
[189] See Guillaume, Muhammad, pp. 180, 193; Wellhausen, Medina,
pp. 42, 55; Sunan Abu Dawud, vol. 2, p. 829; and Ahrens in "Christliches,"
ZDMG, 84 (1930), p. 187.
[190] E.g. see n. 10, above.
[191] See nn. 14, 24 and 165, above. It should perhaps also be noted that
many of the first Muslims were involved in military exploits and/or often
pre-occupied with the subjugation of conquered lands; see Nöldeke and