translation, Cambridge University Library MS Mm. 4. 42 , fols. 19 r– 84 r, differs
from this in several minor details, but the sense is not altered.) De Tignonville’s
version places still more emphasis on the servant’s self-fashioning under the
master’s eye: instead of“nolifieri equalis sibi,”it has“quant tu serviras aucun
seigneurgarde que tu ne te monstres son pareil[take care that you do not show
yourself his equal] fors en .iii. choses cestassavoir en foy en sens & en pacience.
Et garde sur toutes choses quil ne te appercoyve vouloir estre pareil en estat aluy
en vestemens & en delices”(emphases mine). For de Tignonville’s version, I
have consulted BL MS Royal 19. A. viii, fol. 32 r and BL MS Royal 19. B. iv, fol.
34 r; here I cite the former.
59. John Scattergood,“Fashion and Morality in the Late Middle Ages,”England in
the Fifteenth Century: Proceedings of the 1986 Harlaxton Symposium, ed. Daniel
Williams (Woodbridge, 1987 ), 255 – 72 ( 259 – 64 ).
60. Freud,Standard Edition, xix, 1 – 66 ( 34 ); on the super-ego in this essay,
indistinguishable from the ego-ideal,“formed through identification with
the parents as a corollary of the decline of the Oedipus complex,”and
“combin[ing] the functions of prohibition and ideal,”see Laplanche and
Pontalis,Language of Psycho-Analysis, 144 – 45.
61. Louise Olga Fradenburg,City, Marriage, Tournament: Arts of Rule in Late
Medieval Scotland (Madison, WI, 1991 ), 68 ; see canonically Ernst
H. Kantorowicz, The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Political
Theology(Princeton, 1957 ).
62. See Fradenburg’s discussion of the use of“communitarian experience”for this
purpose inCity, Marriage, Tournament, 73 – 74. Fradenburg here draws on
Victor Turner,The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure( 1969 ; Ithaca,
1977 ), 106 – 07.
63. The proverb is added by Ashby to the adage from theLibertranslated at this
point, in the form“Qualis rex, talis populus”: Curt F. Bühler,“TheLiber de
dictis philosophorum antiquorumand Common Proverbs in George Ashby’s
Poems,”PMLA 65 ( 1950 ), 282 – 89 ( 285 – 86 ). It was widespread in the Middle
Ages in the form “Qualis rex, talis grex”: Hans Walther, Proverbia
Sententiaeque Latinitatis Medii Aevi, 9 vols. (Göttingen, 1963 ),iv, no. 23250 ,
andix, 39840 a 17 a.
64. Daniel Poirion,Le Poète et le prince: l’évolution du lyrisme courtois de Guillaume
de Machaut à Charles d’Orleans(Paris, 1965 ), 11.
65. Sir Gilbert Hay, The Buik of King Alexander the Conquerour, ed. John
Cartwright, 3 vols., STS 4 th series 16 ( 1986 ), vol.ii, textual introduction,
text, lines 1 – 9264 ; 18 ( 1990 ), vol.iii, text, lines 9265 – 19369 ; vol.i(forth-
coming), general introduction, commentary and glossary. I cite here vol.iii.
66. On this tradition see Mario Grignaschi,“L’Origine et les métamorphoses du
‘Sirr-al-’asrâr’”and“La Diffusion duSecretum secretorum (‘Sirr-al-asrâr’)dans
l’Europe occidentale,”Archives d’Histoire Doctrinale et Littéraire du Moyen Âge
43 ( 1976 ), 7 – 112 and 47 ( 1980 ), 7 – 70 ; Wilhelm Kleineke, Englische
Fürstenspiegel vom Policraticus Johanns von Salisbury bis zum Basilikon Doron
König Jakobs I(Halle, 1937 ); Mahmoud Manzalaoui,“TheSecreta secretorum:
Notes to Pages 12 – 13 181