pretentious Atticisms and Homeric tags. See Lucian, [Works], ed. A. M.
Harmon, vol.vof 8 , Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, MA, 1913 , 1967 ),
291 – 327 ( 316 – 20 ).
49 .MED, s.v. bouchen.( 2 ), 1 (a), bouge,n.( 1 ), 1 (a); also bouget (a leather bag or
wallet).
50 .MED, s.v. mal (e),n.( 2 ), 1 (a), which can also mean“The belly, digestive tract,” 2.
51. See Scattergood,“Fashion and Morality,” 269 , and“Skelton’s‘Ryotte’:‘A
Rusty Gallande,’”Notes and Queries 219 , n.s. 21 ( 1974 ), 83 – 85.
52. The curial satires here provide the historical grounding of Elias’s observation
that“The court is a kind of stock exchange”where the individual’s value lies
solely“in the favour he enjoys with the king, the influence he has with other
mighty ones, his importance in the play of courtly cliques”:Power and Civility,
vol.iiofThe Civilizing Process, trans. Edmund Jephcott, 2 vols. (New York,
1982 ), 271. On the dispensability of court servitors, see John of Salisbury,
Policraticus, ed. Clemens C. I. Webb, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1909 ),i, 214.
53. R. Howard Bloch describes money as“a form of property whose purpose is to
catalyze substitution in a kind of metalanguage akin to logic itself”:Etymologies
and Genealogies: A Literary Anthropology of the French Middle Ages(Chicago, 1983 ),
170. Augustine, designating money as a measure which makes entities commen-
surable and so reduces them to equality, derives the wordcuneus(coin) from
couneus:De ordine, ed. W.M. Green, CCSLxxix(Turnhout, 1970 ), 87 – 137 ( 133 ).
54. Francis Petrarch,The Life of Solitude, trans. Jacob Zeitlin (Urbana: University
of Illinois Press, 1924 ), 172 – 73 , 174.
55. Quintilian,Institutio oratoria, trans. H. E. Butler, 4 vols., Loeb Classical
Library (Cambridge, MA, 1921 ; rpt. 1976 ), 8. Pr. 20 – 22 ; [Cicero],Rhetorica
ad Herennium, trans. Harry Caplan, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, MA,
1954 ; rpt. 1968 ), 4. 10. 15 – 16 ;Alberici Casinensis Flores Rhetorici, ed. D. Mauro
Inguanez and H. M. Willard (Monte Cassino, 1938 ), 31 – 59 (ii, 5 ).
56. Rita Copeland,“The Pardoner’s Body and the Disciplining of Rhetoric,”
Framing Medieval Bodies, ed. Sarah Kay and Miri Rubin (Manchester, 1994 ),
138 – 59 ( 146 – 47 ).
57. For discussion of this subject in the earlier Middle Ages, see Jaeger,Origins, 54 –
66 ; on the later period, Uhlig,Hofkritik.
58 .Curial, 10 – 11. Chartier here anticipates with remarkable precision Elias’s
account of the process by which the violence of warring feudal barons is
transformed, under centralized sovereignty, into mutual surveillance and self-
surveillance under the ruler’s watchful eye.“[C]areers and social success are
contested with words”rather than swords, and courtiers ascribe psychological
depth to themselves and their rivals in an increasing“psychologization”of
aristocratic culture ( 271 , 273 – 75 ).
59. Fish,John Skelton’s Poetry, 67.
60. On the contending perils of speech and silence, see Frank Whigham,Ambition
and Privilege: The Social Tropes of Elizabethan Courtesy Theory(Berkeley, 1984 ),
50 – 51.
61. J. M. Archer,Sovereignty and Intelligence(Stanford, 1993 ), 10.
Notes to Pages 54 – 57 193