The Economist December 4th 2021 35
Europe
Spain
The tests of tolerance
I
t is theseason of calm seas off the Saha
ra, and each week several hundred Afri
can migrants turn up on the shores of the
Canary Islands, packed tightly into open
fishing boats. Some of them, especially
those from Mali, are fleeing violence. Many
more are economic migrants, lured by the
prospect of much higher wages in Europe,
if they can somehow get there.
It is a hazardous trip: at least 900 mi
grants have died on this route so far this
year. But most who make it to the Canaries
eventually find their way to the Spanish
mainland. There they find a country whose
traditional welcome for immigrants is
showing signs of strain.
Modern Spain acquired an immigrant
population later and more suddenly than
other western European countries. In 1998
there were just 1.2m foreignborn resi
dents; by 2010 there were 6.6m (out of a to
tal population of 47m). Many went home
during the economic slump of 200812.
Now their number is rising again, to 7.2m
last year. The first wave easily fitted in: the
economy was growing, and the largest con
tingents were from Spanishspeaking Lat
in America and from Romania, which has
cultural and religious similarities to Spain.
There were many, too, from Morocco,
where Spain was the colonial power in the
north of the country.
In recent years most new arrivals have
come not by sea but through the airports,
as visa overstayers, many from Latin Amer
ica. Growing numbers are from Africa.
After a previous surge in arrivals in the Ca
naries in 2006 Spain signed agreements
with Morocco, Mauritania and Senegal un
der which those countries would take their
migrants back in return for aid and help
with patrolling the seas. But the deporta
tions have been halted during the pandem
ic. Anyway, the three African governments
are reluctant, especially Morocco’s, which
has a longstanding dispute with Spain ov
er Western Sahara and which in May al
lowed some 8,000 migrants to cross into
Ceuta, a Spanish enclave.
For the past two years, arrivals in the
Canaries have at times overwhelmed re
ception facilities. Algerians are landing on
Spain’s Mediterranean coast and the Bale
arics. This year, for the first time, three of
the top five nationalities seeking asylum
are African. Many Africans move on to the
rest of Europe. But they are increasingly
visible in Spanish cities. It normally takes
three years to get a work permit. Mean
while, some work as manteros, street ven
dors who display their wares on blankets
on the pavement. They face racism and po
lice harassment, complains Malick Gueye
of an association of manterosin Madrid.
All this grabs headlines, especially in a
changed political climate. Vox, a hard
right party which now has 52 of the 350
seats in parliament, burst onto the scene in
2017 in response to the separatist threat in
Catalonia. But as that has waned it has
increasingly campaigned against irregular
M ADRID
The country needs immigrants. But does it still want them?
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