The Psychology of Gender 4th Edition

364 Chapter 10

TABLE 10.7 REVISED FAGERSTROM TOLERANCE QUESTIONNAIRE

1. How soon after you wake up do you smoke your first cigarette?
   a. After 60 minutes.
   b. 31–60 minutes.
   c. 6–30 minutes.
   d. Within 5 minutes.


2. Do you find it difficult to refrain from smoking in places where it is forbidden?
   No Yes


3. Which cigarette would you hate to give up?
   a. The first one in the morning.
   b. Any other.


4. How many cigarettes per day do you smoke?
   a. 10 or fewer
   b. 11–20
   c. 21–30
   d. 31 or more


5. Do you smoke more frequently during the first hours after waking than during the rest of the day?
   No Yes


6. Do you smoke if you are so ill that you are in bed most of the day?
   No Yes
   Source: T. F. Heatherton et al. (1991). Copyright 1991. Reprinted by permission of Taylor and Francis.

DO GENDER 10.3

Who Is More Physiologically

Addicted to Smoking?

Administer the Fagerstrom Tolerance

Questionnaire shown in Table 10.7 to 10

male and 10 female smokers. Is one sex

more addicted than the other? Can you

predict addiction from any other vari-

ables, such as age or depression?

A third theory as to why women have

greater difficulty quitting smoking is that

women are more concerned with the potential

for weight gain. Women around the world are

more likely than men to say that they smoke

to suppress their appetite (Reid et al., 2009),

and women are concerned about gaining

weight if they quit smoking (Larsen, Otten, &

Engels, 2009). One reason that depressed

women smoke is concern about weight gain

(Larsen et al., 2009). Among adults, both un-

derweight and overweight women are more

likely to smoke than normal weight women,

whereas overweight men are less likely to

smoke than normal weight men (Park, 2009).

However, after quitting, no evidence indicates

that weight gain predicts relapse in women

(Borrelli et al., 2001; Perkins et al., 2001).

Quitting smoking does lead to weight

gain, but not as much as people think, partly

because people underestimate how much

they weighed before they quit smoking (Pe-

terson, 1999). According to the U.S. Surgeon

General (Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention, 2007b), women gain between

6 and 12 pounds during the first year af-

ter they quit smoking. In subsequent years,

the weight gain diminishes. The weight gain

M10_HELG0185_04_SE_C10.indd 364 6/21/11 8:54 AM