The Economist December 4th 2021 43
China
Unmarriedmothers
Against the tide
S
oon afterZhang Jiajia gave birth to a
boy in 2017, she went to her local social
security centre in Shanghai to claim mater
nity benefits. These would include reim
bursements for services such as prenatal
checkups and midwifery, as well as com
pensation for lost workdays. But Ms Zhang
(a pseudonym) was turned away. The cen
tre wanted proof of marriage. As a single
mother, she had none.
China’s government wants citizens to
have larger families. With just 12m babies
born last year, the country’s birth rate was
the lowest since 1978, according to recently
released data. China’s fertility rate—the av
erage number of children a woman is likely
to have during her lifetime—is among the
lowest in the world, at 1.3. In May officials
allowed couples to have three children,
having previously limited most to two (a
onechild policy was enforced, often bru
tally, from 1979 to 2016). Local governments
are encouraging procreation with new
support that includes longer parental leave
and fatter subsidies.
Divorced or widowed mothers can
claim these benefits, but those who have
never married, including lesbians whose
unions are not recognised in China, usual
ly cannot. Worse, some of them face fines.
In March Ms Zhang took Shanghai’s medi
calinsurance bureau to court to demand
equal treatment. “This isn’t just about the
money,” says the 38yearold, who works in
the city’s financial district. “It’s about the
right to give birth.”
China does not explicitly ban extramar
ital births. Its marriage law guarantees the
same rights for children born out of wed
lock as those born in it. Yet the family
planning law says that procreation in
volves “a husband and wife”. Local officials
often take that to mean that unwed moth
ers are in violation of that legislation. In a
wealthy city like Shanghai, lost benefits
would range from 30,000 yuan ($4,700) to
120,000 yuan. Unmarried mothers some
times have to pay the same “social mainte
nance fees” that are extracted from couples
who have more children than allowed. The
levies can add up to several years of work
ingclass income.
It used to be that the offspring of un
married mothers were often denied hukou,
or proof of a person’s place of origin. This
made it hard for them to obtain identity
papers, enroll in state schools or receive
subsidised health care. In 2016 the govern
ment reminded officials that children born
outside marriage must be given hukou.
That seems to have worked.
But public attitudes to single parent
hood are changing more quickly than
those of officials. In 2015 an unmarried
mother launched an online crowdfunding
campaign in the hope of raising 40,000
yuan to cover her social maintenance fee.
She raised over 9,000 yuan overnight. In
2016 an ngosupporting lgbtrights, called
Rainbow Lawyers, published an online
questionnaire about single mothers.
Though not a representative sample, more
than 2,080 people responded. Nearly nine
in ten said unmarried mothers should get
the same benefits as married women.
Three in four said fines for extramarital
births should be abolished.
Last year just 8m couples got married in
China. The number has fallen for seven
S HANGHAI
China stigmatises extramarital births. Single mums want to change that
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