Advices For Studying Organic Chemistry

Solomons/SoloCh01
place.

1. electron probability density ⇒ atomic orbitals (AOs)

1.11C. Molecular Orbitals

1. AOs combine (overlap) to become molecular orbitals (MOs).
   
   
   1. The MOs that are formed encompass both nuclei, and, in them, the electrons can
      move about both nuclei.
   
   
   2. The MOs may contain a maximum of two spin-paired electrons.
   
   
   3. The number of MOs that result always equals the number of AOs that
      combine.
   
   
   
   


2. Bonding molecular orbital (Ψmolec):
   
   
   1. AOs of the same phase sign overlap ⇒ leads to reinforcement of the wave
      function ⇒ the value of is larger between the two nuclei ⇒ contains both
      electrons in the lowest energy state, ground state
   
   
   
   

Figure 1.8 The overlapping of two hydrogen 1s atomic orbitals with the same
phase sign (indicated by their identical color) to form a bonding molecular orbital.

3. Antibonding molecular orbital (ψmolec* ):
   
   
   1. AOs of opposite phase sign overlap ⇒ leads to interference of the wave
      function in the region between the two nuclei ⇒ a node is produced ⇒ the
      value of is smaller between the two nuclei ⇒ the highest energy state,
      excited state ⇒ contains no electrons