YOLANDE JANSENF I G U R E 9 Charles Fournigault, 1905: ‘‘La De ́claration des droits de l’homme de du citoyen [The Declaration
of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen].’’ (From Pierra Nora, ed.,Les Lieux de me ́moire[Paris: Gallimard, 1992], 98.)
Figures 10 and 11 are ironic answers to the didactic efforts of cartoons such as Four-
nigault’s. They suggest that the transition from premodern to modern times also meant,
to some, the replacement of one monistic state system, heading toward strong centraliza-
tion, with another. These cartoons, drawn by the famous political cartoonists Jules-Fe ́lix
Grandjouan and Gustave Henri Jossot, were both published in the critical anarcho-syndi-
calist magazineL’Assiette au beurre.
‘‘Choose, you’re free’’ suggests that the struggle between church and state was a strug-
gle about the center of (pedagogical) power. The cartoon deconstructs the opposition
between Catholic belonging and traditionalism, on the one hand, and the freedom associ-
ated with modern citizenship, on the other. It is eithercatholicite ́orcatholaı ̈cite ́,aslaı ̈cite ́
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