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NOTES TO PAGES 215–31

10. The reason for the commandment, Benjamin writes, should be found ‘‘no longer in what
    the deed does to the victim, but what it does to God and the doer’’ (251).


11. See Benjamin’s remarks on ‘‘critical violence’’ in ‘‘On Semblance’’ (224), written in 1919–
    20, and in his ‘‘Goethe’s Elective Affinities’’ (341), both inSelected Writings, vol. 1.


12. Benjamin writes that ‘‘in all language and linguistic creations, there remains in addition to
    what can be conveyed something that cannot be communicated,’’ which he refers to as ‘‘the nucleus
    of all languages’’ (‘‘The Task of the Translator,’’Selected Writings, 1:261).


13. See Werner Hamacher, ‘‘Afformative, Strike,’’ trans. Dana Hollander, inWalter Benjamin’s
    Philosophy: Destruction and Experience, ed. Andrew Benjamin and Peter Osborne (London:
    Routledge 1993), 110–38.

Ste ́phane Mose`s, From Rosenzweig to Levinas: Philosophy of War

note: Translated from ‘‘De Rosenzweig aLevinas,’’ in Ste ́phane Moses,Au-dela`de la guerre:
Trois e ́tudes sur Levinas(Paris: E ́ditions de l’e ́clat, 2004), 19–46, by permission of the publisher.

1. Emmanuel Levinas,Totality and Infinity, trans. Alphonso Lingis (Pittsburgh: Duquesne
   University Press, 1969), 28.


2. Ibid., 117–20.


3. G. W. F. Hegel,Phenomenology of Spirit, trans. A. V. Miller (Oxford: Oxford University
   Press, 1977), 272–73.


4. G. W. F. Hegel,Philosophy of Right, trans. T. M. Knox (London: Oxford University Press,
   1967), 209 (par. 324).


5. Franz Rosenzweig,The Star of Redemption, trans. W. W. Hallo (Notre Dame, Ind.: Univer-
   sity of Notre Dame Press, 1985), 5.
   6.Franz Rosenzweig: Philosophical and Theological Writings, trans. and ed. Paul W. Franks and
   Michael L. Morgan (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2000), 52–53 (trans. modified).


6. Ibid., 54.


7. Immanuel Kant,Critique of Pure Reason, trans. F. Max Mu ̈ller (Garden City, N.J.: Double-
   day & Co., 1966), 371 (Second Division, Book II, chap. II, section 9, § III, ‘‘Explanation of the
   Cosmological Idea of Freedom in Connection with the General Necessity of Nature’’).
   9.Franz Rosenzweig: Philosophical and Theological Writings,60 (trans. modified).


8. Rosenzweig,The Star of Redemption,288 (trans. modified).


9. Cf. Sigmund Freud: ‘‘Where id was, there shall ego be’’ (Freud,New Introductory Lectures
   on Psychoanalysis,trans. James Strachey [New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1964], 80).


10. Levinas,Totality and Infinity, 21.


11. Ibid., 21.


12. Ibid., 25.


13. Ibid., 21.


14. Ibid.


15. Ibid.


16. Ibid., 26.
    19.Emmanuel Levinas: Basic Philosophical Writings,ed. Adriaan T. Peperzak et al. (Blooming-
    ton: Indiana University Press, 1996), 155.


17. Levinas,Totality and Infinity, 24.


18. Ibid., 25.

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