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NOTES TO PAGES 628–33

33. On the first use of ‘‘stream of consciousness,’’ see chapter 10 of William James,Principles
    of Psychology(1890), where James outlines the concept as a collection of ever-changing inner
    thoughts and sensations that belong to every conscious individual. Dujardin was the first author to
    notably employ this technique, in his 1888 novelLes Lauriers sont coupes, although May Sinclair
    was, perhaps, the first explicitly to transfer the term from the psychological context to the literary
    one.


34. F. Rosemont, ‘‘Crisis of the Imagination,’’ 15.


35. The fact that the surrealist experience of the world always has a basis in real, lived experi-
    ence resonates interestingly with the historical genesis of the practice of automatism, which has its
    roots in the dual sense of ‘‘psychic’’ in Breton’s ‘‘psychic automatism in its pure state’’ (Breton,
    ‘‘Manifesto of Surrealism,’’ 26). On the one hand,psychicrefers back to the psychoanalytic theories
    of Freud and to the practice of diagnostic hypnosis, from which some of the early surrealist experi-
    ments drew their inspiration. On the other hand, and in a totally different sense ofpsychic, automa-
    tism also owes much to the practice of mystics, as well as to mediums and soothsayers. See
    Gascoyne’s introduction toThe Magnetic Fieldsfor more information on the development of au-
    tomatism, or see Breton’s own ‘‘The Automatic Message’’ in the same volume for a brief history of
    automatism from the standpoint of surrealism.


36. Maurice Blanchot, ‘‘Reflections on Surrealism’’ [1949], trans. Charlotte Mandell, in Blan-
    chotThe Work of Fire(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995), 86.


37. Ibid., 88.


38. Benjamin, ‘‘Surrealism,’’ 208.


39. On the question of practical truth in poetry, see Lautre ́amont, ‘‘Poe ́sies,’’ 237, and F.
    Rosemont, ‘‘Crisis of the Imagination,’’ 14.


40. Andre ́Breton, ‘‘Introduction to the Discourse on the Paucity of Reality’’ [1924], in Breton,
    What Is Surrealism? Selected Writings(New York: Pathfinder, 1978), 25.


41. Ibid.


42. Ibid.


43. F. Rosemont, ‘‘Crisis of the Imagination,’’ 14.


44. Suzanne Ce ́saire [1941], quoted in P. Rosemont,Surrealist Women, lii.


45. Andre ́Breton, ‘‘The Automatic Message’’ [1933], trans. A. Melville,The Automatic Mes-
    sage(London: Atlas Press, 1997), 26, my emphasis.


46. Anne Olsen, ‘‘The Marvelous Against the Sacred’’ [2001],Surrealist Subversions, 368.


47. Walter Benjamin, ‘‘On the Concept of History’’ [1940], trans. H. Zohn,Walter Benjamin:
    Selected Writings, vol. 4,1938–1940(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003), Thesis XVII, p.


48. The translation ofdie kleine Pforteas ‘‘the strait gate’’ is actually from an earlier version of
    Zohn’s translation, published inIlluminations(New York: Schocken Books, 1978). In his revised
    translation for the Harvard collection, Zohn renders the phrase ‘‘the small gateway in time through
    which the Messiah might enter.’’

Stefanos Geroulanos, Theoscopy: Transparency, Omnipotence, and Modernity

1. Thomas Pynchon, Preface to George Orwell,Nineteen Eighty-Four(Harmondsworth, Mid-
   dlesex: Penguin, 2003).


2. Augustine,Confessions, trans. H. Chadwick (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), 10.2,
   p. 179. See also 10.5, with its citation of 1 Corinthians 13:12.

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