520 Appendix
electron from another atom to fill the shell. Na^ ions have closed shells, whereas
a Na atom has a single outer electron that can be detached relatively easily in a
chemical reaction with another atom.
The Li atom is larger because the effective nuclear charge acting on its outer elec-
tron is less than that acting on the outer electrons of the F atom. The Na atom
is larger because it has an additional electron shell. The Cl atom is larger because
it has an additional electron shell. The Na atom is larger than the Si atom for the
same reason as given for the Li atom.
Only then is it possible for all the electrons to pair off with opposite spins to
leave no net spin to produce an anomalous Zeeman effect.
18.5 T.
2, 3.
All its subshells are filled.
(a) There are no other allowed states. (b) This state has the lowest possible val-
ues of Land J, and is the only possible ground state.
31.^2 P 1 2.
Since Ln, a D(L2) state is impossible for n2.
(a)^52 ,^72 ;(b) 35 2, 63 2; (c) 60°, 132°; (d)^2 F 5 2 ,^2 F 7 2.
2 J 1; EgJ (^) BBMJ.
The transitions that give rise to x-ray spectra are the same in all elements since
the transitions involve only inner, closed-shell electrons. Optical spectra, how-
ever, depend upon the possible states of the outermost electrons, which, together
with the transitions permitted for them, are different for atoms of different atomic
number.
1.47 keV; 0.844 nm.
In a singlet state, the spins of the outer electrons are antiparallel. In a triplet state,
they are parallel.
CHAPTER 8
- The additional attractive force of the two protons exceeds the mutual repulsion
of the electrons to increase the binding energy. - 3.5 104 K.
- The increase in bond lengths in the molecule increases its moment of inertia and
accordingly decreases the frequencies in its rotational spectrum. In addition, the
higher the quantum number J, the faster the rotation and the greater the cen-
trifugal distortion, so the spectral lines are no longer evenly spaced.
- 0.129 nm.
- 0.22 nm.
- HD has the greater reduced mass, hence the smaller frequency of vibration and
the smaller zero-point energy. HD therefore has the greater binding energy since
its zero-point energy can contribute less energy to the splitting of the molecule. - (a) 1.24 1014 Hz.
- 2.1 102 N/m.
- Not very likely since E 1 kT.
CHAPTER 9
- 1.43 104 K.
- 4.86 10 ^9.
- (a) 1 (by definition); 1.68:0.882:0.218:0.0277. (b) Yes; 1.55 103 K.
- 2.00 m/s; 2.24 m/s.
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