272 KOPIN
occupied a whole building. Even this one little equivalent of a computer
occupied a whole room, and so many wires went across the room, draped
from the ceiling, that it was called the spaghetti room.Table 1. NIH Studies of LSD (1955-1957)
Edward V. Evarts and Wade H. Marshall, “The Effects of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide on
the Excitability Cycle of the Lateral Geniculate,” Transactions of American Neurological
Association 80 (1955): 58-60.
A. Sjoerdsma, Conan Kornetsky, and Edward V. Evarts, “Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in
Patients With Excess Serotonin,” Archives of Neurological Psychiatry 75 (1955): 488-92.
Julius Axelrod, Roscoe O. Brady, Bernhard Witkop, and Edward V. Evarts, “The
Distribution and Metabolism of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide,” Annals of the New York
Academy of Sciences 66 (1957): 435-44.
Louis Sokoloff, Seymour Perlin, Conan Kornetsky, Seymour S. Kety, “The Effects of
D-lysergic Acid Diethylamide on Cerebral Circulation and Overall Metabolism,”
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 66 (1957): 468-77.
Seymour S. Kety, “The Implications of Psychopharmacology in the Etiology and
Treatment of Mental Illness,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 66
(1957): 836-40.
Marian W. Kies, D. Horst, Edward V. Evarts, and Norman P. Goldstein, “Antidiuretic
Effect of Lysergic Diethylamide in Humans,” Archives of Neurological Psychiatry 77
(1957): 267-9.
Conan Kornetsky, “Relation of Physiological and Psychological Effect of Lysergic
Acid Diethylamide,” Archives of Neurological Psychiatry 77 (1957): 657-8.Marian Kies, Edward Evarts, Norman Goldstein, and Dale Horst,
who was a normal volunteer, studied the anti-diuretic effects of LSD;
Conan Kornetsky, the physiological and psychological effects. As indi
cated above, Albert Sjoerdsma had described serotonin, produced by
malignant carcinoid tumors, as causing problems in the circulation;
serotonin was also found in the brain. It was Kety who was putting all
of this together in an attempt to explain mental illness in biological
terms and introduce drug treatment of psychiatric patients; this heralded
a new discipline that came to be called psychopharmacology.
At that time, a major laboratory research tool for separating and
identifying compounds found in the urine and the tissues was paper
chromatography; column chromatography with ion-exchange resins was
just being introduced. The fluorescence spectrophotometer, invented