Notes.
The Caroline Books, if not written by Charlemagne, are at all events issued in his name;
for the author repeatedly calls Pepin his father, and speaks of having undertaken the work with the
consent of the priests in his dominion (conniventia sacerdotum in regno a Deo nobis concesso).
The book is first mentioned by Archbishop Hincmar of Rheims in the ninth century as directed
against the pseudo-Synodus Graecorum (the second Nicene Council), and he quotes a passage from
a copy which he saw in the royal palace. The second mention and quotation was made by the papal
librarian Augustin Steuchus (d. 1550) from a very old copy in the Bibliotheca Palatina. As soon as
it appeared in print, Flavius and other Protestant polemics used it against Rome. Baronius, Bellarmin,
and other Romanists denied the genuineness, and ascribed the book to certain heretics in the age
of Charlemagne, who sent it to Rome to be condemned; some declared it even a fabrication of the
radical reformer Carlstadt! But Sirmond and Natalis Alexander convincingly proved the genuineness.
More recently Dr. Floss (R.C.) of Bonn, revived the doubts (1860), but they are permanently
removed since Professor Reifferscheid (1866) discovered a new MS. from the tenth century in the
Vatican library which differs from the one of Steuchus, and was probably made in the Cistercian
Convent at Marienfeld in Westphalia. "Therefore," writes Bishop Hefele in 1877 (III. 698), "the
genuineness of the Libri Carolini is hereafter no longer to be questioned (nicht mehr zu
beanstanden)."
§ 105. Evangelical Reformers. Agobardus of Lyons, and Claudius of Turin.
I. Agobardus: Contra eorum superstitionem qui picturis et imaginibus SS. adorationis obsequium
deferendum putant. Opera ed. Baluzius Par. 1666, 2 vols., and Migne, "Patrol. Lat." vol. 104,
fol. 29–351. Histoire litter. de la France, IV. 567 sqq. C. B. Hundeshagen: De Agobardi vita et
scriptis. Pars I. Giessae 1831; and his article in Herzog2 I. 212 sq. Bähr: Gesch. der röm. Lit.
in Karoliny. Zeitalter, p. 383–393. Bluegel: De Agobardi archiep. Lugd. vita et scriptis. Hal.
- Simson: Jahrbücher des fränkischen Reichs unter Ludwig dem Frommen. Leipz. 1874
and ’76. C. Deedes in Smith and Wace, I. 63–64. Lichtenberger, I. 119.
II. Claudius: Opera in Migne’s "Patrol. Lat." vol. 104, fol. 609–927. Commentaries on Kings, Gal.,
Ephes., etc., Eulogium Augustini, and Apologeticum. Some of his works are still unpublished.
Rudelbach: Claudii Tur. Ep. ineditorum operum specimina, praemissa de ejus doctrina scriptisque
dissert. Havniae 1824. C. Schmidt: Claudius v. Turin in Illgen’s "Zeitschrift f. die Hist. Theol." - II. 39; and his art. in Herzog2, III. 243–245.
III. Neander, III. 428–439 (very full and discriminating on Claudius); Gieseler, II. 69–73 (with
judicious extracts); Reuter: Geschichte der Aufklärung im Mittelalter, vol. I. (Berlin 1875),
16–20 and 24–41.
The opposition to image-worship and other superstitious practices continued in the Frankish
church during the ninth century.
excuse, and added as indispensable the refutation of Bellarmin in the appendix to his tract De Cultu Imaginum. Hefele and
Hergenröther represent this synod as being guilty of the same injustice to the Nicene Council as the Synod of Frankfort; but
this does not alter the fact.